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İşte Erdoğan’ın o sözünün ardındaki gerçek Kuzey Irak'ta yapılan hukuksuz referandum sonrasında Türkiye IKBY'nin petrolünün satıldığı boru hattından akışa izin vermezse ne olur? Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ın "Bundan sonra Kuzey Irak Bölgesel Yönetimi bakalım petrolünü nereye akıtacak ya da satacak? Vana bizde" sözü ne anlama geliyor? Sonuçları ne olur? İşte Erdoğan’ın o sözünün ardındaki gerçek... takvim.com.tr Giriş Tarihi : 29 Eylül 2017 , 00:00 Güncelleme Tarihi : 29 Eylül 2017 , 11:25
Barzani'nin olmayacak hayalle giriştiği gayrimeşru referandum sonrası Türkiye uygulanacak yaptırımları tartışmaya başladı. Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, "Bundan sonra Kuzey Irak Bölgesel Yönetimi bakalım petrolünü nereye akıtacak ya da satacak? Vana bizde" diyerek tepkisini göstermişti. Peki Erdoğan'ın bu sözü ne anlama geliyor. Türkiye ve Kuzey Irak arasında petrol ticaretinin yarıntıları nasıl. Türkiye vanayı kapatırsa ne olur. Vatan gazetesi yazarı Ercan İnan "600 bin varil petrolü satacağı başka yol yok" başlıklı bugünkü yazısında bu konuları yazdı. İşte o yazı: Kuzey Irak Kürt Yönetimi bir kumar oynadı. Ancak o kumarı oynarken, Türkiye'nin bu kadar büyük tepki göstereceğini belki de beklemiyordu. Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ın "Vanayı keseriz, maaş ödeyemezler" sözünün arkasında yatan gerçekler ne? O vana Kürt bölgesi için ne ifade ediyor?
Kuzey Irak'a sanırım 8 kez gittim. Irak Kürdistan Bölgesi'nin petrolle imtihanını, Türkiye'nin bölgeye bakışını, Exxon başta olmak üzere uluslararası petrol şirketlerinin oyunlarını, değişen stratejileri yıllar içinde gözlemleme fırsatı buldum.
Kuzey Irak bağımsızlık referandumu ile konu yeniden gündemin baş köşesine oturdu. Yazılanlara çizilenlere bakıyorum ciddi bir kafa karışıklığı olduğunu görüyorum. Söz konusu olan bölgede resmi egemen bir devlet olmadığı için yapılan anlaşmaların, sürdürülen pazarlıkların büyük bölümü kapalı kapılar ardında gerçekleşti. Bu yüzden fotoğrafı çekmek olana bitene hakim olmak zor. Kulaktan dolma bazı bilgiler ışığında konu yorumlanmaya çalışılıyor. Bu yüzden öncelikle bir durum tespiti yapmanın faydalı olacağını düşünüyorum.
Bu vana hangi vana? Kerkük'ten Ceyhan'a uzanan boru hattına neredeyse 40 yıldır petrol akar. Bu petrol Ceyhan'daki terminallerde gemilere yüklenir, dünya pazarlarına satılır. Satış işlemine yıllarca Irak'ın ulusal petrol şirketi SOMO aracılık etti.
Bu boru hattı genellikle Sünni nüfusun yaşadığı bölgeden geçer. 30 kilometrelik bir kısmı Kürt bölgesindedir ve Silopi'den Türkiye'ye girdikten sonra da Ceyhan'a kadar yaklaşık 600 kilometre daha devam eder.
Ceyhan'a gelen petrolü yıllarca SOMO sattı ve parasını da Bağdat merkezi yönetimi aldı. Saddam'ın devrilmesi ve Amerika'nın işgalinden sonra Irak anayasası yeniden yazıldı. Ülkenin petrol gelirinin, nüfusu oluşturan gruplara nasıl paylaştırılacağı yüzdesel olarak anayasal garantiye alındı.
Kürtler yüzde 17'lik pay sahibi oldular. Bu formül sadece Kürt bölgesinde çıkan petrol için geçerli değildi. Ülkenin tüm petrol gelirinin yüzde 17'sinin Kürtler'e verileceği anlamı taşıyordu. Ancak yıllar içinde Irak merkezi yönetimi çeşitli sebeplerle bu payı vermekte nazlandı.
Kendi kendine bazı formüller üretti. Askeri harcamaları, savunma için alınan tankı tüfeği bahane edip, petrol gelirinden bu harcama tutarlarını düştü ve kalan paranın yüzde 17'sini vermeye kalkıştı. Doğal olarak yüzde 17'lik oran yüzde 11'lere 10'lara kadar düştü. Dediğim gibi çoğu zaman da Bağdat yönetimi bu parayı Erbil'e hiç göndermedi.
Bu vana temsilidir aslı Türkiye'dedir Yıl 2009. Irak Bölgesel Yönetimi'nin başkenti Erbil'deyiz. Bir Türk etkinlik ajansının organize ettiği törenle Kuzey Irak petrolünün vanası temsili olarak açılıyor. Sahnede dönemin Irak Cumhurbaşkanı Celal Talabani ve Kuzey Irak Bölge Yönetimi Başkanı Mesud Barzani var. Takwe ve Taq Taq sahalarındaki petrolün ihracatı için ilk eylem başlıyor. Ancak bunun bir tiyatro olduğu yıllar içinde anlaşılıyor. Kuzey Irak'ın petrolünün gerçek anlamda taşınması 2013 yılına sarkıyor. O dönem Barzani'nin ağzından çıkan sözler hâlâ aklımda: "Lütfen şüphe yerine, mutluluk paylaşın. Kuzey Irak'ın petrol zenginliği Irak halkınındır. Bugüne kadar Kuzey Irak için ayrılıkçı olduğu yolunda yapılan dedikodular bugün kül olup uçmuştur." Bu sözler bugün itibarıyla çoktan havada kalmış görünüyor. Erbil'deki o temsili vana hala duruyor mu bilemem ama gerçek vana Türkiye'nin elinde.
Bağdat'ın yanlışları referandumu getirdi Bağdat yönetiminin Kuzey'in hakkı olan hakedişleri göndermediği aylarda Kuzey Irak'da ciddi ekonomik krizler yaşandı. Peşmergelerin parası ödenemedi. Kamu kuruluşları çalışamaz hale geldi. 2013'de bir yazı yazmışım. Kısa bir paragrafını aktarayım: "Kuzey Irak'ın petrol ve doğalgazını piyasaya sokacak anlaşmaya Bağdat engel oluyor. Türkiye'nin tüm diplomasisine, Bağdat'a verdiği güvencelere rağmen uzlaşma gerçekleşmiyor. Bağdat belli ki Irak'ın Kuzey'indeki Kürtler'in ekonomik olarak güçlenmesini istemiyor. Tuhaf bir de tezleri var. 'Güçlenirlerse ardından bağımsızlık gelir. Asıl bağımsızlık Kuzey'in zengin rezervlerinin kullanılmasına izin verilmediği takdirde mecburiyetten gerçekleşecek, görmüyorlar. Irak'ın toprak bütünlüğü korunmak isteniyorsa bu kaynakların paraya dönüşmesi lazım. Bağdat yönetimi sırtını ABD'ye dayamış vaziyette ancak Ortadoğu'da dengelerin bir günden ötekine değil, sabahtan öğlene kadar değişebildiği unutulmamalı. Bazı dostlar bizim de bu anlaşmaya destek vermemize içerliyor. Onlar da 'Kürtler zenginleşirse bağımsızlık isterler. Sonra Türkiye'deki oluşumları da destekleyip kışkırtırlar' diyorlar. Ben de diyorum ki Irak'ın toprak bütünlüğü için bu anlaşma olmazsa olmaz."
Irak'ta Maliki döneminde ciddi bir kaos yaşandı. Kürtler bu dönemde petrolden paylarına düşen parayı alamadılar. Maliki mezhepsel bir politika izleyince Türkiye'nin de tepkisini çekti.
Zaten Kuzey Irak Bölgesel Yönetimi ile Türkiye'nin yakınlaşması da o günlere denk geliyor. İçerideki çözüm süreci de bu yakınlaşmayı destekledi. Türkiye'nin izlediği politika o yıllar için çok doğru bir politikaydı.
Exxon devreye girdi Kuzey'de film koptu Bağdat yönetimi "Kuzey'de iş yapan şirketlerin ve ülkelerin güneyde iş yapması mümkün değil" diye net bir tavır ortaya koymuştu. Ancak 2011'de Exxon firması çıktı ve Erbil yönetimi ile 6 saha için petrol üretim anlaşması yaptığını duyurdu. Bu duyuru adeta bir milat oldu. Exxon aynı zamanda Basra bölgesinin yani Bağdat yönetiminin kontrolündeki bölgenin de en büyük oyuncularındandı ve açık açık Bağdat'a "Senin blöfünü görüyorum" diyordu. Zaten bu duyurudan sonra Kuzey'de kartlar yeniden karıldı, yeniden dağıtıldı. Bu arada herkes cesaretlendi ve yeni oyuncular da ortaya çıktı.
Türkiye de cesaretlenmişti. 2012 yılında ilk temaslar başladı ve Mayıs ayında da Ankara'da taraflar buluşup bir çerçeve anlaşmada uzlaştılar. 2013 yılına gelindiğinde Türkiye ile Kuzey Irak yönetimi arasında 5 ayrı anlaşma imzalanmıştı.
Kuzey Irak yönetimi artık Bağdat ile köprüleri atmaya hazırdı. Yüzde 17'lik payının düzenli olarak ödenmemesi onları başka çözümler üretmeye itmişti. 2013 sonuna gelindiğinde Kuzey Irak yönetimi artık kendi petrolünü satmak ve gelirini de kimseyle paylaşmamak konusunda kararlılık gösterecekti.
O petrolün ve gazın yolu Türkiye'den geçecekti. Zaten yıllar önce yapılmış bir Kerkük-Ceyhan boru hattı vardı. Hani dedik ya bu petrol boru hattının 30 kilometrelik bölümü Kürt bölgesinden geçiyor diye. Kuzey Irak'ta Fişkabur'dan bu boru hattına bir kaynak yapıldı. Kuzey Irak petrolünün buradan sisteme dahil edilmesi ve Ceyhan'a kadar taşınmasına imkan sağlandı. Kuzey Irak petrolü için Türkiye yolu vazgeçilmezdir. Bugünlerde Erbil'den gelen "Biz de Suriye üzerinden petrolü taşırız" açıklamalarını kimse ciddiye almaz.