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Cebimizdeki plastik tehlike Türkiye’de 400 milyona yakın kart var. Bunun 120 milyonu kredi kartı. Kredi kartı bilinçli kullanılmadığında büyük bir tehlikeye dönüşebiliyor. Peki kart borç hesabı nasıl yapılıyor? Borçtan kurtulmanın yolları var mı? En doğru kullanım hangisi? İşte cevaplar... Giriş Tarihi : 14 Nisan 2024
Türkiye'de bulunan 400 milyon kartın yaklaşık 120 milyonunu kredi kartları oluşturuyor. Kredi kartı kullanabilecek yaştaki nüfusu düşündüğümüzde herkesin cebinde ortalama üç tane kart bulunuyor. Peki bu kötü bir şey mi? Elbette hayır. Bilinçli kullanıldığında kredi kartı kayıtlı ekonominin en önemli araçlarından birisi haline geliyor. Çünkü yapılan alışverişler vergilendiriliyor. Normal şartlarda cebinizde taşıyamayacağınız büyüklükteki nakit parayı bu kartlara sığdırabiliyorsunuz. Bize özgü taksit sistemiyle tamamını ödeyemeyeceğiniz pahalı ürünleri taksitle alabiliyorsunuz. Peki kötü tarafı nerede? HATAMIZ NEREDE? İşte burada bilinç ve finansal okuryazarlık devreye giriyor. Yıllardır kart kullandığımız için çoğumuzun bu konuda finansal okuryazarlığı var. Ama bilinçli kullanma alışkanlığımız çok yok. Biz genel anlamda kredi kartını bir ödeme aracı olarak göremiyoruz. Birçoğumuz onu 'bedava alışveriş aracı' olarak görmeye devam ediyor. Bu yüzden de yoğurt almaya girdiğimiz marketten kartımızla bir de kazak alıp çıkıyoruz. Cebimizden bir nakit para çıkmadığı için de bu alışverişi 'karşılıksız' yaptığımız psikolojisine bürünüyoruz. Oysa gelecek ayki maaşımızdan harcadığımızın farkına varamıyoruz. NASIL DURDURURUZ? Burada bir ölçü koymamız gerekiyor. Onu da ben şöyle sloganlaştırıyorum: "Ödeyebileceğin kadar harca, Harcadığının tamamını öde." Gelirimizi düşünüp ay sonunda ne kadar ödeyebileceksek kartla harcama sınırımızı bununla çizebiliriz. Elbette, sağlık gibi hesapta olmayan harcamalar olacaktır o zaman kredi kartı bir güvence halini de alıyor. Ama eğer kendimizi sınırlarsak, yani ödeyebileceğimiz kadar harcarsak israftan da kurtulacağız. Yukarıdaki sloganımızdaki ikinci bölüm yani "harcadığını öde" kısmı kredi kartı kullananlar ve borçlular için çok önemli. İşte biz bunu yapmadığımız zaman bankaların borç sarmalına girmiş oluyoruz ve neredeyse ömür boyu sürecek bir borç batağına da saplanmış oluyoruz. Çünkü burada bankalar karşımıza çok süslü, cazip bir tuzağı çıkartıyor. O da "ASGARİ ÖDEME." Banka sizin borcunuzun küçük bir bölümünü ödeme miktarı olarak size sunuyor. Harcadığınız paranın bir kısmını ödeyince aslında daha borcunuzun olduğunu unutuyorsunuz. Böylece artık faiz sarmalının içine de girmiş oluyorsunuz... ÖDENEMEZ HALE GELİYOR Asgari tutarı ödeyerek devam ederseniz 4-5 ay sonra büyük bir borcun altına girdiğinizi görürsünüz. Hatta harcama da yapıyorsanız 1 yıl sonra borcunuzun aynen durduğunu göreceksiniz. Bütün bunlara rağmen eğer borcunuzu kredilendirirseniz elinizden geldiğince asgari ödeme tutarından fazlasını ödeyin ve son ödeme tarihini beklemeyin. Çünkü faizler günlük işletiliyor. Böylece borç daha kolay biter. SIFIR FAİZ MÜMKÜN Oysa bankanın bu tuzağına düşmeden sıfır faiz ile kredi kartını kullanmak mümkün. Yukarıda yazdığımız sloganımızın ilk bölümü size bu avantajı sağlıyor. Ne demiştik, "Ödeyeceğin kadar harca." Eğer ödeyeceğiniz kadar harcar ve bunun tamamını bir ay sonunda öderseniz siz bankanın sevmediği müşteri olacaksınız ama bir aylık faizsiz kredi kullanmış olacaksınız. Yani ekstre geldiğinde 'dönem borcunun' tamamını ödememiz gerekiyor. Bankalar üzülecek siz kazanacaksınız. ASGARİ İLE BİTMEYEN BORÇ 1. AY Kart limiti: 50.000 TL Dönem borcu: 15.000 TL Asgari ödeme: 6.000 TL Kalan borç: 9.000 TL 2. AY Kart limiti: 50.000 TL Dönem borcu: 9.500 TL +5.000 TL Asgari ödeme: 5.800 TL Kalan borç: 8.700 TL TAKİPLERE DİKKAT Bankalar ödemeleri geciken müşterilerine önce idari takipte olduğuna dair yazı gönderiyor. Bu yazı geldiğinde en doğru olanı bankayla görüşüp gerekirse yapılandırma ile borcu kapatmak. Eğer bunu ciddiye almaz ve beklerseniz bu kez hukuki takip başlıyor. Bu durumda hem temerrüt faizi hem mahkeme ve avukatlık masrafları borcunuzu ödenmez hale getiriyor. YENİ TEDBİRLER HAZIRLANIYOR Kredi kartından nakit avans faizleri yükseltilerek kredi faizlerine eşitlendi. Böylece nakit çekip dövize altına gidilmesi önlenecek, ihtiyaç dışı alışveriş kısılmış olacak. Ayrıca bir süredir değişmeyen kart faizleri de artırıldı. Önümüzdeki dönemde kart limitlerinin iki maaşı geçmemesi, taksitlerin özellikle belli sektörlerde azaltılıp ya da kaldırılması da gündeme gelecek. TÜRK TİPİ ÖDEME Türkiye'de insanların bize özgü bir ödeme sistemi var: 1- NAKİT İLE ÖDEME: 2 kartı olan bir tüketici kısa bir süre öncesine kadar nakit çekimle borçlarını döndürüyordu. Şimdi tüm borcunu ödemeyene nakit verilmiyor. Bir kartının asgarisini yatırıyor. Sonra ondan diğerinin asgarisi kadar nakit çekip ikincisine yatırıyor. Böylece asgarileri ödeyip o ay bankadan kurtuluyor. Fakat sarmal faiz yükü artıp ihtiyaçlar çoğalınca icraya kadar gidiyor. 2- ASGARİ DÖNGÜ: Kartının asgarisini ödüyor. Nakit yapacağı alışverişleri kartla yapıp, diğer kartın asgari borcuna yatırıyor. Böylece o ay yine bankadan kurtuluyor. Sistem sonunda tıkanıyor. BATAĞA GÖTÜREN DÜŞÜNCELER - Ayda 200 lira taksiti nasıl olsa öderim, sorun olmaz alayım. - Para cebimde kalsın, nakit lazım olur. Hepsini kartla ödeyeyim. - Asgarisi azmış bunu öderim. - Bir ay ödemesem de olur. - Param yok ama kart var alışverişe çıkalım, indirimler varmış... - Bu indirim kaçmaz. KARTTA EN FAZLA YAPILAN HATALAR - Gelirinin çok üstünde kart limitini kabul etmek. - Bankaların erteleme ve taksit kampanyalarına katılmak. - Karttan nakit çekmek. - Sadece asgari tutarı ödemek. - İdari takipteyken bankadan kaçmak. - Taksitli alışverişten sonrada asgariyi ödemek. - Ekstreyi incelememek. BUNLARA DİKKAT EDİN - Ödeyebileceğinizden fazla harcama yapmayın. - Asgari tutarın mutlaka daha fazlasını, mümkünse borcun tamamını ödeyin. - Gelen ekstreyi dikkatlice inceleyin, hatalı alışveriş olmasın. - Kartınızdan nakit çekmeyin. - Bir karttan çekilen parayla diğer kartı ödemeye kalkmayın. - Bankaya değil eşe dosta borçlanın.