Rusya'nın Ukrayna sınırındaki askeri faaliyetlerini artırması ve başta ABD olmak üzere batılı ülkelerin Ukrayna'ya yönelik silah sevkiyatlarını artırmasıyla bölgede gerginlik artıyor.
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Rusya'nın Ukrayna sınırındaki askeri faaliyetlerini artırması ve başta ABD olmak üzere batılı ülkelerin Ukrayna'ya yönelik silah sevkiyatlarını artırmasıyla bölgede gerginlik artıyor.
Avrupa, tükettiği doğal gazın yaklaşık yüzde 40'ını, bir başka deyişle 175 milyar metreküpünü Rusya'dan ithal ediyor. Rusya ise gazını kıtaya ağırlıklı olarak Belarus ve Polonya üzerinden geçen Yamal-Avrupa, Baltık Denizi'ni kullanan Kuzey Akım boru hatları ve Ukrayna üzerinden gönderiyor.
Gazprom verilerine göre, şirketin Ukrayna üzerinden Avrupa'ya gönderdiği yaklaşık doğal gaz miktarı geçen yıl yaklaşık 42 milyar metreküp düzeyindeydi.
Rusya'nın Ukrayna'ya yönelik olası işgal adımı, Avrupa'nın Rus gazına yönelik bir yaptırım hamlesi ve Rusya'nın Avrupa'ya yönelik gaz akışını durdurma ihtimali tüm bölgede enerji krizinin devam ettiği bir dönemde endişeleri körüklüyor.
OLASI İŞGAL NEDENİYLE ALTERNATİF GÜZERGAHLARIN ÖNEMİ ARTIYOR
Avrupa Birliği (AB), Ukrayna'yı işgal etme tehdidi artan Rusya'nın gaz arzını daha da azaltması veya tamamen durdurmasına karşı acil durum planlaması yapmaya çalışıyor.
Rusya'dan akışın kesintiye uğraması halinde gaz tedarikinin devamı için ABD, Norveç, Mısır, Cezayir, Azerbaycan ve Katar ile olası swap anlaşmaları için Asya ülkelerine gözünü çeviren AB, yaşanabilecek kesintinin yerini tutacak bir seçenek bulmakta zorlanıyor.
Rus doğal gazının kesilmesi halinde Avrupa'nın elinde çok fazla seçenek bulunmaması Avrupa'daki endişeleri daha da artırıyor.
Brüksel merkezli düşünce kuruluşu Bruegel verilere göre, AB'nin 2021 yılında gaz ihtiyacının yüzde 38,2'si Rusya'dan, yüzde 21,9'u Norveç'ten, yüzde 18,4'ü sıvılaştırılmış doğal gazdan (LNG), yüzde 9,4'ü Cezayir'den, yüzde 9,1'i AB ülkeleri üretiminden, yüzde 2,2'si Azerbaycan'dan ve yüzde 0,8'i Libya'dan sağlandı.
AB Komisyonu yetkilileri ise üye ülkelerin söz konusu dönemde gaz ithalatının yüzde 40'ını Rusya'nın, yüzde 38-39'unu Norveç'in karşıladığını belirtiyor.
LNG'nin toplam gaz ithalatının yüzde 20'sini oluşturduğunu aktaran yetkililer, 2021'de toplam 80 milyar metreküplük LNG tedarikinde ABD'nin yüzde 20, Katar'ın yüzde 20, Rusya'nın yüzde 18, Nijerya'nın yüzde 17, Cezayir'in yüzde 14, Norveç'in yüzde 2 pay aldığını, geriye kalan yüzde 9'luk kısmın ise diğer tedarikçilerden sağlandığını ifade ediyor.
Veriler, AB'nin ana doğal gaz tedarikçisinin Rusya olduğunu ortaya koyarken bu ülkeden gaz büyük ölçüde Avrupa'ya Yamal-Avrupa, Kuzey Akım, Soyuz ve TürkAkım gibi boru hatları ile gönderiliyor.
RUSYA AVRUPA'DA "DOMİNANT" KONUMDA
AB'nin enerji altyapısı Norveç ve Kuzey Afrika'dan daha fazla gaz almaya ve LNG ithalat miktarını yükseltmeye yeterli olmakla birlikte, hızla söz konusu miktarlarda gaz tedarikini artırmanın mümkün olmadığı belirtiliyor.
AB'ye Rusya'dan sonra en fazla gaz akışı sağlayan ülke konumundaki Norveç, hali hazırda gaz üretim kapasitesinin maksimum seviyede olduğunu, Rusya'nın kesintisi durumunda bunu doldurmalarının mümkün olmadığını açıklayarak seçeneklerin daha da azalmasına neden oldu.
Cezayir'in Avrupa'ya gaz akışını LNG ve İspanya ile İtalya'ya olan gaz hatları ile artırma imkanı bunuyor. Ancak Cezayir'in mevcut altyapı yetersizliğinden dolayı söz konusu gaz miktarını ancak yılda birkaç milyar metreküp yükseltmesi öngörülüyor.
Azerbaycan'ın Şah Deniz 2 sahasından çıkarılan doğal gazı Avrupa'ya ulaştırmak üzere inşa edilen Trans Adriyatik Boru Hattı'ndan (TAP) ise Avrupa'ya geçen yıl 8,1 milyar metreküp gaz gönderildi. Bu rakamın hızla yükseltilmesi mümkün görünmüyor.
Öte yandan, ekonomik toparlanma sonucunda artan talep nedeniyle küresel LNG piyasaları zaten sıkışık durumda bulunuyor.
LNG'sini Asya ülkelerine uzun dönem sözleşmelerle sağlayan Katar, hali hazırda tam kapasite üretim yaptığını, Rus gazının kesilmesi halinde Avrupa'ya katkı sağlamayacağını açıkladı.
AB ise küresel piyasalarda uzun dönem sözleşmelerle alım anlaşması yapmış Asya ülkelerinin gazlarını almak için ikna çabaları gösteriyor. Ancak Asya ülkelerinin de gaz tedarikinde fazla seçeneği bulunmadığından AB swap taleplerine sıcak yaklaşmadığı belirtiliyor.
AB'nin yıllık LNG ithal etme kapasitesi 157 milyar metreküp seviyesinde bulunuyor. Rusya'dan akışın sürdüğü durumda bile, AB toplam LNG kapasitesinin yüzde 66'ını kullanıyor. Bu nedenle büyük çaplı bir kesintide tüm ihtiyacın LNG ile sağlanması mümkün görünmüyor.
Bununla birlikte talebin en yüksek olduğu kış mevsiminde Avrupa gaz depolama seviyeleri çok düşük durumda bulunuyor.
AB gaz depoları hali hazırda yüzde 40 civarında dolulukta ve bu gazın Rusya'dan kesinti halinde çok kısa sürede tükenmesi bekleniyor.
Bu durumda, AB'nin elektrik ithal etme, çevreye zararlı ve iklim hedeflerine uyumsuz kömür santrallerini tekrar çalıştırma, kapatılması planlan nükleer reaktörlerin sürelerinin uzatılması, kapalı santrallerin faal hale getirilmesi dışında fazla seçeneği kalmıyor.
AB'nin iç talebi düşürmesi gerektiği de dikkate alındığında, başta yüksek enerji tüketen sanayide doğal gaz ve elektrik kısıtlamaları uygulanabileceği öngörülüyor.
RUSYA'NIN İLK ALTERNATİFİ ÇİN
Rusya, Soğuk Savaş döneminde dahi Avrupa'ya gaz akışını kesmezken, olası bir sıcak çatışmanın tedarik istikrarını etkilemesi kaçınılmaz görünüyor.
2014'te Kırım'ı yasa dışı şekilde ilhak etmesinin ardından Batı'nın sert ekonomik yaptırımlarına uğrayan Rusya, o dönemden bu yana başta enerji olmak üzere alternatif pazar arayışına girdi.
Rusya'nın doğudaki komşusu ve dünyanın en büyük ekonomilerinden Çin, bu kapsamda ön plana çıkıyor.
Yaptırımlar nedeniyle yüzünü Asya'ya çevirme stratejisi izleyen Rusya için Kasım 2014'te Rusya Devlet Başkanı Vladimir Putin ve Çin Devlet Başkanı Şi Jinping arasında imzalanan ve değeri 400 milyar dolar olduğu öne sürülen doğal gaz anlaşması büyük önem taşıyor.
Söz konusu sevkiyat için Gazprom'un inşa ettiği "Sibirya'nın Gücü" boru hattı, yılda 38 milyar metreküp taşıma kapasitesiyle Rusya'nın doğusundaki en büyük büyük gaz taşıma sistemi konumunda bulunuyor.
Gazprom'dan 24 Ocak'ta yapılan açıklamada, 18 Ocak'ta Sibirya'nın Gücü üzerinden sevk edilen doğal gaz miktarının bir önceki yılın aynı dönemine göre yüzde 150 artarak rekor seviyeye ulaştığı bildirilmişti.
Ancak boru hattı üzerinden sevk edilen gaz miktarı 38 milyar metreküp düzeyindeki tam hacme ulaşsa dahi, Rusya için yılda 180 milyar metreküp ihraç ettiği Avrupa pazarını ikame etmeye tek başına yeterli olmayacak.
Bunun için Çin'e yönelik ihracatını daha da artırmak isteyen Rusya, Moğolistan üzerinden Sibirya'nın Gücü 2 adlı bir boru hattı daha inşa ederek Çin'e yılda ilave 50 milyar metreküp doğal gaz inşa etmek istiyor.
HİNDİSTAN DA HEDEF PAZARLAR ARASINDA
Rus yetkililer, Avrupa doğal gaz pazarının kaybedilmesi halinde ülkenin önemli mali kayıplar yaşayacağı görüşünde birleşiyor.
Öte yandan, böyle bir ihtimalin gerçekleşmesi halinde gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yeni pazarlar kazanılabileceği de öne sürülüyor.
Rusya için yeni sayılabilecek pazarlar arasında, doğal gaz talebinde önemli artış beklenen Hindistan bulunuyor.
Boru hatlarıyla dünyanın en çok doğal gaz ihraç eden ülkesi Rusya, Asya piyasalarındaki göreceli yükselişin etkisiyle küresel LNG piyasalarında da payını artırmayı hedefliyor.
Geçen yıl 30 milyon ton LNG ihraç eden Rusya, küresel LNG piyasasındaki mevcut yüzde 4'lük payını, 2035'e kadar yüzde 15-20 seviyelerine çıkartmayı hedefliyor.