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Hizbullah , Lübnan'da bulunan, hem sivil hem de askeri kanadı olan Şiî inançlı siyasi ve askeri parti. Öncelikli hedefi İsrail'e karşı mücadele etmek olan Hizbullah, Lübnan iç politikasında da etkili bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle 2006 yılında İsrail'e karşı gerçekleştirdiği direnişi büyük ilgi çekti. İsrail'in Gazze'deki katliamı sonrası Hizbullah hakkında araştırmalar da hızlandı. İşte Lübnan Hizbullah askeri gücü ve lideri...
HİZBULLAH KİMDİR?
Lübnan'da İslami bir devlet kurma iddiasıyla ortaya çıkan Hizbullah , hem sivil hem de askeri kanadı olan Şii inançlı siyası ve askeri yapı.
NE ZAMAN KURULDU?
1982'den itibaren Lübnan'da birçok saldırı düzenleyen Hizbullah, resmi olarak 1985'te yayımladığı bildiriyle kuruluşunu ilan etti. Bu bildiride Hizbullah, Vilayet-i Fakih olarak gördüğü Ayetullah Humeyni 'nin emirlerine ve İran'a bağlı olduğunu duyurdu.
1982 yılında başta İsrail'i, o zamanlar işgal etmekte olduğu Güney Lübnan'dan çıkartmak ve ardından İsrail'i yıkmak amacıyla kurulmuştur. Hizbullah'ın şu andaki genel sekreteri Hasan Nasrallah 'dır.
Hizbullah siyasi ve silahlı mücadele kanatlarının yanı sıra fakir Lübnan halkına yardım amacıyla birçok kurumlar da işletmektedir. Bunların arasında 8 hastane, 24 klinik, 32 okul ve 6 tane de çiftçiler için tarım yardım derneği bulunmaktadır.
Genelde Arap ve Müslüman dünyasında yasal bir direniş örgütü olarak kabul edilen Hizbullah ABD, Kanada, İsrail, Avustralya ve Suudi Arabistan tarafından terörist ilan edilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği Konseyi ise bu konuda kesin bir tutum almamayı tercih etmiştir.
HİZBULLAH NEDEN KURULDU?
Lübnan'da 70'li yılların sonlarından itibaren ideolojik temelleri atılan Hizbullah , İran'da Ayetullah Humeyni önderliğinde yapılan İran İslam Devrimi'nin ardından kuruluş aşamasına geçti. Lübnan'da etkili Şii hareketlerden olan Emel Hareketi bünyesinde çalışmalar yürüten bazı önemli isimler ile Emel Hareketi yöneticileri arasında yaşanan ideolojik kopuşlar Hizbullah'ın doğuşuna yol açtı.
Ancak Hizbullah'ın kurulmasındaki tek etken Emel Hareketi içerisinde yer alan bazı önemli şahsiyetlerin İran Devrimi'nden etkilenmiş olmaları değildi. İsrail'in 1982 yılında Güney Lübnan'ı işgal etmesi ve Şii liderlerin İsrail saldırılarına karşılık vermeden çekilme kararı almalarının, Hizbullah'ın kuruluşunu hızlandırdığı düşünülüyor.
Esasen Lübnan'da o dönemde bünyesinde Hristiyan ve Müslümanları da barındıran Şii Emel Hareketi, İran'ın aksine Suriye yönetimi ile birlikte Filistin Kurtuluş Hareketi (FKÖ) karşıtı bir politika izliyordu. Bu durum, Emel Hareketi içerisinde doğrudan İran destekli ve Filistin meselesini birinci önceliği kabul eden grubun ayrılığını hızlandırdı. Tam olarak ne zaman kurulduğu bilinmeyen Hizbullah , İran Devrim Muhafızlarından askeri ve siyasi destek alırken, ideolojik olarak kendisini doğrudan Ayetullah Humeyni 'ye bağladı.
İLK BÜYÜK EYLEMİ
İdeolojik olarak İran lideri Humeyni'ye bağlı olan Hizbullah , siyasi ve askeri olarak da İran Devrim Muhafızlarından destek alıyor. Hizbullah ilk büyük eylemini Ekim 1983'te yaptı. Hizbullah'ın hem Lübnan içerisinde hem de bölgede tanınmasını sağlayan bu eylem, ABD ve Fransız askerlerin bulunduğu karargaha düzenlendi ve 300 ABD-Fransız askeri hayatını kaybetti. Sahip olduğu etnik, mezhepsel ve kültürel zenginliğiyle Orta Doğu'nun küçük bir modeli olan Lübnan, İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın siyasal ve sosyal sisteminin dayandığı mezhepçi yapı üzerine inşa edildi.
Buna göre cumhurbaşkanı Maruni, meclis başkanı Şii, başbakan ise Sünni olmak durumunda. Mezhepler üzerine bina edilen bu yapı, ülkenin 1975 ile 1990 yılları arasında, 15 yıl süren bir iç savaş sarmalına girmesine neden oldu. Lübnan'da her mezhep ve etnik grubun etkinliğini artırmaya çalıştığı 60'ların ortalarından itibaren Şiilerin liderliğini İran'ın Kum şehrinde doğan ve Irak'ın Necef kentinde eğitim alan İmam Musa Es-Sadr üstlendi. Musa Es-Sadr ile Suriye'deki iş başında olan Hafız Esed arasındaki ilişki de 1973 yılından itibaren gelişmeye başladı. Öyle ki Esed, Lübnan'daki Şiilerin Sadr'a bağlanmasında etkili oldu.
İlk başlarda Hristiyanları da içerisinde bulunduran örgütlerle hareket eden Sadr, ülkedeki bütün grupların silahlanmaya gittiği süreçte, 1975'in temmuz ayında Emel Hareketini (Lübnan Direniş Tugayı) kurdu. İç savaşın önemli aktörlerin biri olan Emel, 1970'lerin sonlarında hem küresel hem de bölgesel değişimlerin etkilerini hissetti. Özellikle 1979'da İran'da gerçekleşen İslam Devrimi, Emel içindeki Humeyni yanlısı ekibi güçlendirdi ve Hizbullah 'ın kurulmasının önünü açtı.
SADR'IN ESRARENGİZ KAYBOLUŞU
Hizbullah'ın doğuşunu sağlayan önemli etkenlerden biri de Sadr'ın 1978'de esrarengiz şekilde kayboluşu oldu. Muammer Kaddafi ile görüşmek için Libya'ya giden Sadr'ın buradan İtalya'ya geçerken kayboluşu, Lübnan Şii hareketinde büyük bir travma yarattı.
TAİF ANLAŞMASI
Lübnan'da 15 yıl süren iç savaşın sonlandırıldığı Taif Anlaşması, 1989 yılında imzalandı. Anlaşma, bütün grupların silah bırakmasını öngörürken Hizbullah , İsrail işgalini öne sürerek silah bırakmayı reddetti. İsrail işgal güçlerine karşı Güney Lübnan'da saldırılar düzenlemeye devam eden örgüt, ülkede 1992'de yapılan seçimlere de katıldı ve 12 koltuk kazandı.
2000 yılında ise, Lübnan iç ve dış politikasında belirgin birtakım değişimlerin yaşandığı bir sene oldu. Mayıs ayında İsrail, Güney Lübnan'da işgal altında tuttuğu bölgelerden çekildi. Aynı yıl gerçekleştirilen parlamento seçimlerinde de Refik Hariri önderliğindeki Müstakbel Partisi zafer kazandı. Bu seçimlerde, İsrail'in Güney Lübnan'dan çekilmesi ve bu çekilmesine rağmen Hizbullah seçimlerde yalnızca 12 milletvekili kazanabildi.
Lübnan iç siyasetinde etkisini her geçen gün artıran Hizbullah, bugüne kadar hem parlamento seçimlerinde hem de cumhurbaşkanının seçilmesi konularında etkin rol oynadı. Bunların yanında Hizbullah, ülkede münferit bir siyasi hareket olmaktan kendisini çıkararak koalisyonlara öncülük eden ve farklı gruplarla birlikte hareket edebilen bir siyaset izlemeye başladı.
Suriye'nin Lübnan'da askeri ve siyasi olarak var almasını her zaman savunan Hizbullah, Refik Hariri'nin 2005'te öldürülmesinin ardından bu ülkenin Lübnan'dan tamamen çekilmesine engel olamadı. Refik Hariri'nin öldürülmesinin ardından ülke siyasetine damga vurmuş etnik, dini ve mezhebi ayrılıkların çok daha ötesinde, öncülüğünü Hizbullah'ın yaptığı "Suriye yanlıları" (8 Mart) ile "Suriye karşıtları" (14 Mart) adlı yeni ve bugüne kadar devam eden sert saflar oluştu.
2006 İSRAİL HİZBULLAH SAVAŞI
İsrail'in 2000 yılında çekildiğini açıklamasına rağmen sınırdaki bazı bölgelerden çekilmemiş olması, Hizbullah 'ın hem içerden hem de dışardan gelen "silah bırak" çağrılarına yönelik cevabı durumundaydı.
Hizbullah, üzerindeki baskıları hafifletmek için 2006 yılının temmuz ayında İsrail'e bir saldırı başlattı. Sınırı geçen Hizbullah militanları, 3 İsrail askerini öldürüp 2'sini rehin aldı. İsrail'in başlattığı karşı harekat sırasında 1 İsrail tankının imha edilip 5 askerin daha öldürülmesi üzerine olaylar daha da büyüdü ve "Temmuz Savaşı" denen çatışmalar başladı.
İsrail'in saldırıları sonucunda başkent Beyrut da dahil olmak üzere Lübnan'ın altyapısı büyük oranda çöktü. Çatışmalarda bin kadar Lübnan vatandaşı hayatını kaybederken, 160 civarı İsrailli de öldü. Lübnan kayıplarının 3'te 1'i ila 2'sini siviller oluştururken, Hizbullah füzeleri sonucu 43 İsrailli sivil hayatını kaybetti.
1 ay kadar süren çatışmaların sonucunda Hizbullah'ın birçok İsrail kentini vurabilecek kapasiteye sahip olduğunun ortaya çıkması, bölgede yaygın olan İsrail'in "yenilmezlik mitine" büyük zarar verdi. Ayrıca Hizbullah, 2006'dan sonra hem Lübnan'da hem de Arap coğrafyasında popülaritesini artırsa da ülke içerisinde "Lübnan'ı bir kez daha felakete sürüklediği" gerekçesiyle ciddi bir muhalefetle karşılaştı.
HİZBULLAH'IN ASKERİ GÜCÜ!
Hizbullah askeri gücünü 2006 yılında patlak veren ve iki İsrailli askeri kaçırıp diğerlerini öldürdüğü beş haftalık savaşta gösterdi. Savaş boyunca Lübnan'da çoğu sivil olmak üzere bin 200 kişi ve İsrail tarafında ise çoğu asker olmak üzere 158 kişi öldü. Hizbullah İsrail'e binlerce roket fırlattı. Örgütün askeri kapasitesi, Suriye Devlet Başkanı Beşar Esad'ın, 2012 yılında Suriye'ye konuşlandırmasından sonra arttı. Hizbullah övündüğü hassas roketleriyle İsrail'in her yerini vurabileceğini söylüyor. Hizbullah'ın askeri gücünün 2021'de 100 bin savaşçısının olduğu açıklanmıştı.