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Avrupa'nın en büyük ekonomisi Alman ya, yüksek enflasyonla boğuşuyor. Alman ekomomisi bilindiği üzere 2000'li yılların başında durgunlaştı. En kötü büyüme rakamlarına 2002 yılında ulaşan ülkede yaşlanan nüfusla birlikte, refah sistemi baskılandı. 2008'in ikinci ve üçüncü çeyreğinde küresel ve Avrupa'da yaşnanan durgunluk döngüsü, sertleşen iş piyasası işsizliğin çift haneli rakamlara çıkmasına neden oldu.
AVRUPA'NIN HASTA ADAMI ETİKETİNİ TEKRAR ALACAK Yaşadığı ekonomik sıkıntıların ardından 'Avrupa'nın hasta adamı' olarak nitelendirilen Alman ya, bu etiketi üzerinden atmak için bir dizi işgücü reformonu harekete koydu. Ortaya konan bu reformlarla komşularının ve bölgesinin kıskandığı bir aktör haline geldi. Dş satımının çoğu mühendislik ürünleri, özellikle makineler, otomobil, kimyasal ürünler ve metallerden oluşsan ülke, ihracat merkezi olarak dünya ekonomisinde yerini aldı. Ancak Almanya altın çağını yaşarken, dünyada farklı gelişmeler yaşandı. Avrupa'nın en büyük ekonomisi büyümede lider konumdan geride kalan bir ekonomiye dönüştü. Bugün, daralma veya durgunluğun üçüncü çeyreğini yeniden yaşadı.
KÜÇÜLEN TEK GELİŞMİŞ EKONOMİ Öyle ki Uluslararası Para Fonu , ülkenin bu yıl küçülen tek gelişmiş ekonomi olmasını bekliyor.
Yaşanan gelişmelerin ardından Alman ya, 20 yılın ardından tekrar 'Avrupa'nın hasta adamı' olma etiketini geri alıyor.
Almanya dahil euro para birimini kullanan 20 ülke için ortalama %0,9'luk bir artışa kıyasla %0,3'lük bir daralma öngörülüyor. Uzun süreli bir durgunluk, 2008-9 mali krizini takip eden on yılda yılda ortalama yüzde 2 büyüyen, bu dönemin çoğunda bütçe fazlası veren ve ihracatında patlama yaşayan bir ekonomi için hayal kırıklığı yaratan bir sonuç olacaktır.
HALK ŞİKAYETÇİ Kiehl Dünya Ekonomisi Enstitüsü araştırma direktörü Stefan Kooths 'a göre Alman ya, tek bir büyük hastalıktan ziyade "bir dizi bireysel sorundan" şikeyetçi
IMF'nin ögrüsüne göre; Almanya önümüzdeki beş yılda da Amerika, İngiltere, Fransa ve İspanya'dan daha yavaş büyüyecek.
Almanya'nın durumu 1999'daki kadar endişe verici değil. Bugün işsizlik yüzde 3 civarında; ülke daha zengin ancak Almanlar, ülkelerinin gerektiği gibi işlemediğinden ve yüksek enflasyonla boğuşmaktan şikateyçi. Almanya'da yaşayan her beş kişiden dördü anketörlere Almanya'nın yaşanacak adil bir yer olmadığını söylüyor.
PEŞ PEŞE ARIZALAR YAŞANIYOR Müdendislik devi olarak adlandırılan ülkede peş peşe bir dizi sorun yaşandı. Trenler artık eskisi kadar seri çalışmıyor bu nedenle İsviçre geç kalan trenleri ağına dahil etmedi. Eskimiş resmi uçağının arızalanması nedeniyle bu yaz ikinci kez yurt dışında mahsur kalan Dışişleri Bakanı Annalena Baerbock, Avustralya gezisini iptal etti.
BU DURUMA GELMESİNE NE SEBEP OLDU? Alman ya'nın bu noktaya gelmesindeki en büyük etken yeni sanayilere yatırım eksikliği oldu. Genel olarak, ülkenin gayrı safi milli hasıla payı olarak bilgi teknolojisine yaptığı yatırım Amerika ve Fransa'dakinin yarısından az. Bürokratik muhafazakarlık da bu durumun engellerinden birisi. Bir işletmeyi işletmek için lisans almak 120 gün sürüyor; bu süre OECD ortalamasının iki katı. Buna kötüleşen jeopolitik, karbon emisyonlarını ortadan kaldırmanın zorluğu ve yaşlanan nüfusun getirdiği sıkıntılar da ekleniyor.
Almanya'nın önde gelen telekomünikasyon şirketi olan Deutsche Telekom'un Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı Timotheus Höttges, ülkede dijitalleşmeyi engelleyen bürokratik engellerin hızla kaldırılmaması halinde şirketin yatırımlarını yurt dışına taşıyabileceği konusunda Alman hükümetini uyardı.
Höttges, "Eğer mevcut koşullar değişmezse ABD dahil yurt dışındaki yatırım fırsatlarını değerlendirmek zorunda kalabiliriz. ABD'deki telekomünikasyon sektöründe müşteri başına gelir, Almanya'dakinden 3 kat daha yüksek." ifadelerini kullandı.
Bu arada, Alman ya'da hükümeti oluşturan Sosyal Demokrat Parti (SPD), Yeşiller ve Hür Demokrat Parti (FDP) arasında ekonomik ve sosyal politikalar konusunda yaşanan anlaşmazlıkların da ekonomiyi olumsuz etkilediği ifade ediliyor.
NİTELİKLİ PERSONEL EKSİK Ülke yaklaşık 1,1 milyon Ukrayna lı mülteciyi çekmiş olsa da bunların birçoğu yakında evlerine dönebilecek çocuklar ve çalışmayan kadınlardan oluşuyor. Zaten işverenlerin beşte ikisi vasıflı işçi bulmakta zorlandıklarını söylüyor. Berlin eyaleti boş öğretmen kadrolarının yarısını bile nitelikli personel ile dolduramıyor.
SANAYİ ÜRETİMİ DARALDI Son yıllarda yaşanan Kovid-19 salgını, tedarik zinciri kesintileri ve Rusya -Ukrayna savaşı gibi çok sayıdaki kriz, Alman ekonomisinin zayıf yönlerini su yüzüne çıkarırken, Çin başta olmak üzere birçok ülkenin Almanya'dan ithal ettiği malları giderek daha fazla üretebilmesi Alman ekonomisi nin daha fazla büyümesini zorlaştırıyor. Volkswagen ve Siemens gibi ünlü üreticilerinin de dahil olduğu daha geniş sanayi sektörü de darbe aldı. Resmi tahminlere göre sanayi üretimi haziran ayında yıllık bazda %1,7 daraldı.
S&P Global'in Çarşamba günü yayınladığı verilere göre , hem hizmetleri hem de imalatı kapsayan Almanya'daki ticari faaliyetler, ülkenin sıkı pandemi kısıtlamalarını kademeli olarak kaldırmaya başladığı Mayıs 2020'den bu yana en hızlı düşüşünü Ağustos ayında gerçekleştirdi.
ING'nin küresel makroekonomik araştırma başkanı Carsten Brzeski, CNN'e "Almanya'nın endüstriyel sipariş defterleri son 12 ayda boşaldı" dedi."Almanya'nın Çin'e ihracatı çok yavaş, pandemi öncesine göre çok daha düşük" diye ekledi.
Öte yandan, Çin'de de bu dönemde çok sayıda ekonomik sorun bulunuyor. Alman ya, 2023 yılının ilk yarısında Çin'e 53,4 milyar avro değerinde mal ihraç etti. Bu, 2022'nin ilk yarısına göre yüzde 9 daha az olarak kayıtlara geçti.
YAKIN ZAMANDA TOPARLANMA ÖNGÖRÜLMÜYOR Almanya Merkez Bankası (Bundesbank), 21 Ağustos'ta ülke ekonomisindeki büyümenin üçüncü çeyrekte de yurt dışından gelen zayıf talep ve artan finansman maliyetleri nedeniyle yatay kalmasını beklediğini açıklamıştı.
Bundesbank'ın ekonomiye yönelik ağustos ayı raporunda, öncü tahminlerin Alman ekonomisinin yılın ikinci çeyreğinde sıfır büyüme kaydettiğine işaret ettiği belirtilerek, temmuz-eylül dönemi için de görünümün çok daha iyi olmadığı kaydedilmişti.
PARLAK GÜNLERİNE GERİ DÖNECEK Mİ? Öte yandan, ikinci çeyrekte de ekonomide büyümenin gerçekleşmemesi, Almanya'nın sadece geçici bir ekonomik gerileme mi yaşadığı, yoksa bunun kalıcı bir büyüme zayıflığıyla mı sonuçlanacağı sorusunu da gündeme getirdi.Almanya'nın parlak günlerini geri dönüp dönemeyeciğine uzmanlar kuşkulu yaklaşlıyor.