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İstanbul Üniversitesi Milletlerarası Hukuk Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi Deniz Baran, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı 'nın (UAD) İsrail aleyhine aldığı tedbir kararlarının ne anlama geldiğinine dair değerlendirmelerde bulundu.
Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti'nin İsrail'e karşı Uluslararası Adalet Divanı nezdinde İsrail aleyhine 29 Aralık 2023'te, Soykırım Suçunun Önlenmesi ve Cezalandırılması Sözleşmesi'nin (Soykırım Sözleşmesi ) ihlali gerekçesiyle açtığı davada talep edilen geçici tedbirlere dair duruşmalar 11-12 Ocak 2024'te gerçekleşti.
Dünya kamuoyu bu duruşmaların sonucunun açıklanmasını büyük merakla bekliyordu. Divan, bu merakı dün gidererek son derece hızlı bir şekilde, geçici tedbir kararlarını açıkladığı 2022 tarihli ve yine Soykırım Sözleşmesi'nin ihlali esaslı Ukrayna'nın Rusya'ya karşı açtığı davadan da hızlı davranarak, 4 günde kararını açıklamış oldu.
GEÇİCİ TEDBİR KARARI Öncelikle şunu hatırlatmak gerekiyor: Açıklanan geçici tedbir kararı sadece bir ara karar. Zira eğer hızlıca müdahale edilmezse telafisi mümkün olmayacak bir zarar ortaya çıkabilir. Bu, ilk bakışta davanın esasıyla talep edilen koruyucu tedbirler arasında makul bir bağlantının kurulabildiği durumlarda alınabilen bir karar, yani davanın esasına ilişkin değil. Hatta her ne kadar Divan'ın yetkili olduğundan şüphe olmasa da Divan teknik olarak bu davaya bakmaya yetkili olduğunu dahi henüz karar altına almadı.
İSRAİL TEZLERİ KABUL GÖRMEDİ Dolayısıyla sadece başlangıç aşaması için Güney Afrika 'nın tezlerinin zaferi, İsrail'in tezlerinin ise kabul görmeyişi olarak yorumlanabilecek karar, davanın sonunda İsrail'in eylemlerinin soykırım olarak tescilleneceğine dair herhangi bir anlam taşımıyor. Nitekim 1993 yılında yine soykırım esasında açılan Bosna-Sırbistan Davası'nda aynı yıl içerisinde bazı geçici tedbirlere hükmedilmiş ancak 14 yıl sonra çıkan nihai kararda Srebrenitsa katliamı dışında hiçbir olay soykırım kapsamına sokulmamıştı.
GEÇİCİ KARAR NİHAİ KARAR GİBİ BAĞLAYICI Öte yandan, geçici tedbir kararları tıpkı nihai kararlar gibi bağlayıcı. Bu konuda bir şüphe vardıysa da 1999 yılından itibaren böyle bir şüpheye mahal kalmadı. O yıl Divan'ın aldığı meşhur LaGrand Kararı bu konuda herhangi bir tartışmaya noktayı koydu. Her ne kadar o davanın davalı tarafı olan Amerika Birleşik Devleti (ABD), Divan tarafından alınmış geçici tedbir karlarına uymasa da Divan, davanın sonunda geçici tedbirlere uyulmamış olmasının da müstakil bir ihlal olduğunu hüküm altına aldı.
O halde İsrail dün kendisine karşı alınan kararlarla bağlı. Alınan kararın kapsamında 6 ayrı tedbir bulunuyor. Buna göre İsrail Devleti;
Soykırım Sözleşmesi kapsamındaki yükümlülükleri uyarınca Gazze'deki Filistinlilere karşı işbu Sözleşme'nin 2. maddesindeki fiillerin (bir toplumsal grubun üyelerinin öldürülmesi, grubun üyelerine ciddi bedensel ve zihinsel zarar verilmesi, grubun tamamının veya bir kısmının yok olmasına imkan verecek şekilde hayat şartlarının kötüleştirilmesi, grup içinde doğumların engellenmesi) işlenmesini önlemek,
Askeri birliklerinin ve kendisine bağlı askeri grupların bir önceki maddede yer alan fiilleri gerçekleştirmesini engellemek,
Filistinlilere yönelik doğrudan ve aleni soykırım kışkırtıcılığı ve çağrısı yapanları engellemek ve cezalandırmak,
Gazze'ye Filistinlilerin karşı karşıya kaldığı olumsuz yaşam koşullarının giderilmesi için acilen ihtiyaç duyulan temel hizmetlerin ve insani yardımın ulaştırılmasını sağlamak,
Gazze Şeridi'ndeki Filistinli grup üyelerine karşı Soykırım Sözleşmesi 'nin ihlali niteliğinde olduğu iddia edilen fiillere ilişkin delillerin yok edilmesini önlemek ve korunmasını sağlamak için tüm gerekli tedbirleri derhal ve etkili bir şekilde almak,
Buna ek olarak da hükmedilen tedbirlerin uygulamaya geçirildiğine dair bir raporu 1 ay içerisinde Divan'a sunmak zorundadır.
GÜNEY AFRİKA NE TALEP ETTİ, KARAR NE ÇIKTI? Söz konusu tedbirler, Güney Afrika 'nın talep ettiği tedbirlerin tamamını karşılamıyor. Zaten kararları açıklayan Divan Başkanı Yargıç Joan Donoghue, Divan'ın bu konuda belli bir esneklikle hareket ettiğinin altını çizdi.
En dikkat çekici husus, askeri operasyonların tamamen durdurulması talebinin aynen kabul görmemesi. Bu durum kararı takip edenleri hayal kırıklığına uğratmış olabilir ancak yine de yürütülen askeri operasyonlara dair hiçbir şey söylenmiyor demek isabetli olmaz. Alınan tedbir, aslında operasyonların ölçeğine ve biçimine dair kısıtlayıcı bir nitelik de taşıyor. Çünkü, her ne kadar ifadenin genelliği ve yoruma açıklığı kesin bir çıkarım yapmayı zorlaştırsa da, operasyonların "Soykırım Sözleşmesi'nin ihlaline yol açmayacak" biçime getirilmesinin tek anlamı bu olabilir.
Güney Afrika'nın bir diğer talebi de Soykırım Sözleşmesi'nin ihlali niteliğinde eylemlerde bulunabileceği varsayılan asker yahut sivil tüm kişilere yönelik cezalandırma yükümlülüğüne hükmedilmesiydi. Divan'ın mevcut kararında sadece doğrudan ve aleni soykırım kışkırtması yapan kişilerle sınırlı bir çerçevenin ortaya koyulması da dikkat çekici.
Ayrıca İsrail'in rapor verme yükümlülüğünün Güney Afrika 'nın talebi olan 1 hafta içerisinde değil de 1 ay içerisinde olacak şekilde kararlaştırılması, mevcut saldırıların yıkıcılığı göz önüne alınırsa uzun bir süre gibi gözüküyor. Buna karşın, aynı yükümlülüğün 2019 tarihli Myanmar Davası'nda 4 ay olduğu düşünülünce 1 ayın çok uzun olmadığı yorumu da yapılabilir. Bu tedbire dair daha sıkıntılı husus, tedbirin tek bir rapor ile sınırlı tutulması ve belli periyotlarla ek raporların verilme yükümlülüğünün verilmemesi. Bu durum, Güney Afrika'nın talebiyle de Myanmar Davası'nda verilen kararla da ters düşüyor.
GAZZE'DEKİ DURUMUN TEYİT EDİLMESİ SAĞLANDI Alınan tedbir kararlarının gerekçelendirmesinde Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) organlarının ve uzmanlık kuruluşlarının açıkladığı rapor ve ortaya koyduğu beyanlara geniş biçimde referansta bulunulması da son derece dikkate şayandır. Çünkü, "bu kadar açıklama, kınama ne işe yarıyor? " şeklindeki sorulara tam bu noktada bir cevap verilmiş oluyor: Eğer o çabalar ve açıklamalar olmasaydı bugün bu tedbirleri alabilecek bir hukuki zemini oluşturmak belki de mümkün olmayacaktı. Tüm bu kaynaklardaki göz yumulamaz seviyedeki vahim veriler -bağımsız kaynaklardan teyit edilememiş şerhiyle bile olsa- tüm dünya kamuoyunun önünde dile getirilip Gazze'deki insani açıdan felaket denebilecek durumun teyit edilmesini sağladı. Yine belki de aynı sebepledir ki alınan karar, kimi zaman 15'e karşı 2, kimi zaman ise İsrail'in atadığı ad-hoc Yargıç Barak'ın katılımına rağmen 16'ya karşı 1 gibi ezici bir çoğunlukla alınabilmiş oldu.
Uluslararası Adalet Divanı , 26 Ocak kararıyla İsrail'in uluslararası hukukun üzerinde veya adaletin ulaşamayacağı bir noktada olmadığı konusunda bir umut ışığı yaktı. Elbette bunu, "Dünya Mahkemesi" ni İsrail'in vahşi saldırganlığına karşı birtakım kararlar ilan edebilme noktasına getirme yolunda büyük çaba göstermiş Güney Afrikalı yetkililere, Güney Afrika'nın bu davadaki hukukçu heyetine ve bugüne kadar Gazze'de yaşanan mezalime dair kanıtları en zorlu şartlar altında toplamış ve muhafaza edebilmiş herkese borçluyuz.