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Yükseköğretim Kurumları Sınavı (YKS) 2023, öğrenciler tarafından heyecanla beklenen ve üniversiteye giriş için büyük önem taşıyan bir sınavdır. Sonuçların açıklanmasının ardından öğrenciler, sınavda yer alan özütleme sorusu hakkında detayları araştırmaya başladı. Bu soru, öğrencilerin genel yeteneklerini ve anlama becerilerini ölçmek amacıyla hazırlanır. Özütleme sorusu genellikle bir metinden alınan bir paragrafın ana fikrini, ana düşüncesini veya çıkarılacak sonucu belirlemeyi gerektirir. Bu soru, öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama ve metinden önemli noktaları ayıklama yeteneğini ölçmektedir.
ÖZÜTLEME YÖNTEMİ NEDİR?
Katı veya sıvı bir karışımın eklenen çözücü yardımıyla karıştığı diğer katı ve sıvıdan ayrılması işlemine ekstraksiyon (özütleme, çekme) denir.
KARIŞIMLARI AYIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ NELERDİR?
Karışımlar ayrılırken, bileşenlerin özellikleri incelenir ve bu özelliklere göre ayırma metotları kullanılır. Yani maddelerin özelliklerine göre karışım ayırma yöntemleri vardır.
Mıknatıs ile ayırma: Mıknatıs; demir(Fe), nikel(Ni) ve kobalt(Co) metallerini çeker. Bu elementlerden oluşan karışımlar da mıknatısla ayrılır.
Söz gelimi, Demir tozu ve bakır tozu mıknatıs kullanılarak ayrılabilir. Mıknatıs karışıma yaklaştırıldığında demir tozlarını çeker. Böylece demir ile bakır birbirinden ayrılır. Kâğıt geri dönüşüm için toplanan kâğıtlardan metallerin ayrışımı için de bu yöntem kullanılır.
Erime noktası farkıyla ayırma (hâl değiştirme): Alaşımlar ve homojen katı- katı karışımlara örnek verilebilir.
Söz gelimi, kalay (Sn) ve çinko (Zn) katılarından oluşan homojen karışım ısıtıldığında erime noktası küçük olan çinko metali karışımdan ayrılır. Altın –bakır alaşımında da bu yöntem kullanılır.
Tanecik boyutuyla ayırma: tanecik boyurları farklı olan maddeleri süzme,eleme ve diyaliz yöntemiyle bileşenlerine ayrılır.
Süzme: birbiri içinde çözümeyen katı- sını ve katı-gaz heterojen karışımlar bu yöntemle ayrılır.
Söz gelimi, makarnanın sudan ayrılması, bardağa dökülen çayın süzgeçle ayrılması ve arabalardaki hava filtresi gibi günlük yaşamdan pek çok örneği vardır.
Eleme: Tanecik boyutları farklı olan katı- katı karışımları ayırmada kullanılır. Kum-çakıl taşı, un-kepek gibi heterojen karışımlar bu yöntemle ayrıştırılır. Bu yöntem, tanecik boyutuna uygun gözenekli elek aracıyla yapılır.
Diyaliz: Sıvı-katı kolloit karışımların gözenekli zarlardan geçebilmesi için çözümleme ve arıtmada bu yöntem kullanılır. Küçük kollaitlerin geçebilmesi için büyük kolloitler geçebilmeli öncelikle.
Söz gelimi, diyaliz makinesiyle kanın metabolik atıklardan temizlenmesi ve serumla besleme örnek verilebilir.
Kaynama Noktası Farkı ile Ayırma: Sıvı-sıvı homojen karışımları, kaynama noktası farkından yararlanılarak ayrıştırılır. Bu işleme de ayrımsal damıtma denir. Birden fazla sıvı içeren homojen karışımlar için kullanılır. Kaynama noktası düşük olan önce buharlaşır ve gaz aşamasına geçen sıvı soğutma kabında soğutulur, yoğunlaştırılır ve toplama kabında birikir.
Söz gelimi, etil alkol-su, su-ham petrol, tuzlu su gibi örnekleri vardır.
Çözünürlük farkı ile ayırma: Maddelerin katı, sıvı ve gaz hallerinde çözünürlük ayırt edici özelliktir. Bu özellik kullanılarak karışımdaki maddeler bileşenlerine ayrışabilir.
Özütleme (Ekstraksiyon): Karışımdaki bileşenlerden birini, uygun bir çözücüde seçimli olarak çözüp ayırma işlemidir.
Kristallindirme: Çözünmüş maddenin kristal yapılı katı hâle geçişine kristalleştirme denir. Sıvı- katı homojen çözeltide çözeltinin ısıtılarak buharlaştırılması ya da çözeltinin soğutulması ile çözünen katının çökmesine de kristallendirme denir.
Ayrımsal Kristallendirme: Aynı çözücüde çözünebilen iki katı maddeyle çözünürlüklerinin sıcaklık değişimleriyle farklı olmasından yararlanılarak ve sıcaklıkta çözünürlükleri farklı miktarlarda değişen iki katının ayrılması için yapılan ayrıştırmadır.
Yoğunluk farkı ile ayırma: heterojen karışımlar yoğunluk farkı ile ayrıştırılabilir.
Ayırma hunisi ile ayırma: Birbiri içinde çözünmeyen ve öz kütleleri farklı olan karışımların ayrıştırılmasında kullanılır. Daha çok sıvı-sıvı heterojen karışımları ayırmada kullanılır.