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Son yıllarda 'sosyal güvenlik reformu' adıyla yapılan birçok yeni reform, emeklilikle ilgili hesapları da değiştirdi. Çoğu fert ne zaman, hangi şartlarda emekli olacağını dahi hesaplayamaz oldu. Bu karmaşık yapıyı basit bir şekilde anlatmaya çalıştık. Daha önceki yasa maddelerine göre, 8 Eylül 1999'a kadar, kadınlar 38 erkekler ise 43 yaşında emekli olabiliyorlardı. Bunlar erken yaşta emekliliği sağlayan maddelerdi. Öte yandan emekli aylığı mevzusunda memurlarla alakalı hesaplama yapmak daha basit. Memurun emekli aylığını; memurun derecesi, kademesi, hizmet süresi ve ek göstergesi tanımlıyor.
Ekim 2008 sonrası düşük 2000 yılından önceki çalışmalar için gösterge sistemi esas alınıyor ve bu dönemde aylık bağlama oran ı yüksek. Bu dönem içerisinde ne kadar çok prim ödenmişse, emekli aylığı o kadar yüksek oluyor. İkincisi, 2000 sonrası ile 2008 Ekim ayı öncesi dönem. Bunda da aylık hesabında gösterge sistemi yerine TÜFE (tüketici enflasyonu) ve gelişme hızının birlikte dikkate alındığı güncelleme katsayısı sistemi uygulanıyor. Bu tarihler arasında aylık bağlama oranı düşük olduğu için ödenen primlerin etkisi biraz daha az. 1 Ekim 2008 sonrası dönem kritik. Bu dönemdeki hesaplamalarda güncelleme katsayısı hesaplanırken milli gelir gelişme hızının yüzde 30'u dikkate alınıyor. Dolayısıyla üç dönem içerisinde en düşük aylık bağlama oranı bu dönemde oluşuyor.
Aylık nasıl yükseltilir? Aylıkları yükseltmenin birkaç yöntemi var. Emekli aylığını yükseltecek en basit çözüm prime esas kazanç tutarının yüksek gösterilmesi. Yani SGK 'ya yüksek ücret seviyesinden prim yatırmak. İşverenlerinin gerçek ücretleri üzerinden prim yatırıp yatırmadığını kontrol etmek sigorta lı açısından çok önemli. Aksi takdirde, emeklilikte hayal kırıklığı yaşanabilir. Emekli aylığını yükseltecek bir diğer yöntem, Ocak 2000 dönemi öncesi askerlik ve doğum borçlanmaları. Bu dönem için borçlanma yapılırsa, bir de tavandan yani en yüksekten ödeyerek borçlanılırsa emekli aylığını yükseltmek mümkün.
Memurlarda durum Emekli aylığı konusunda memurlarla ilgili hesaplama yapmak daha kolay. Memurun emekli aylığını; memurun derecesi, kademesi, hizmet süresi ve ek göstergesi belirliyor. Memurların emekli aylığını en çok etkileyen husus ise ek gösterge. Bu da memurun görevine ve unvanına göre belirleniyor. Ekim 2008'den önce göreve başlayan memurların emekli aylığı hesaplamasında gösterge ve katsayı sistemi esas alınıyor.
Ortalama kazanca göre Bu hesaplamaya göre, 25 yıl hizmet vermiş memurun aylık bağlama oran ı yüzde 75. Yani ortalama aylık kazancın yüzde 75'i emekli aylığı olarak bağlanıyor. Ekim 2008 sonrası ilk kez sigorta lı olan memurlar 25 yıl çalışma karşılığı ancak ortalama aylık kazançlarının yüzde 50'sini yani yarısını emekli aylığı olarak alabiliyor. Dolayısıyla bu durum, eski memurların emekli aylığı ile yeni memurların emekli aylıkları arasında ortalama yüzde 30'luk fark doğmasına neden oluyor.
Bağkur'da prime bakın Bağkurlu'nun emekli aylığının hesaplanmasında aynı SSK 'lılar gibi üç dönem çalışmaları ve bu çalışmaların karşılığında belirlenen aylık bağlama oran ı söz konusu. Bağkurlu 2000 öncesi dönemde yüksek gelir düzeyi üzerinden yani yüksek basamaktan prim ödemişse, emekli maaşı daha yüksek oluyor. 1 Ekim 2008 sonrasında prim ödemesi başlamışsa emekli aylığı daha düşük hesaplanıyor. Bu nedenle, emekli aylığının yüksek olmasını isteyen Bağkurluların, prime esas kazançlarını yükseltmeleri, yüksekten prim ödemeleri menfaatlerine olur.
Emeklilik şartları nedir?
Çalışanların en büyük hayali emekli olup iyi bir maaşa kavuşmak. Emeklilik için öncelikle sigorta dan sonra belli bir süre geçmesi, işe giriş tarihine göre de prim ve yaş şartlarını tamamlamak gerekiyor. Ancak emeklilik yaşını geriye çekmek mümkün. Bunun için 7 önemli fırsat var:
● ENGELLİ ÇOCUĞU OLANLAR: Bakıma muhtaç engelli çocuğu olan annelerin 1 Ekim 2008 sonrası çalışmalarının dörtte biri toplam primlerine ekleniyor, eklenen bu süre yaş haddinden düşülüyor.
● VERGİ İNDİRİMİ ERKENE ALIR: Engelli çalışanlara en az yüzde 40 engellilik ile vergi indirimi aldıklarında yaş şartına bakılmadan 15 yıl 3 bin 600 ve 18 yıl 4680 günle emeklilik imkanı veriliyor.
● 10 YIL PRİM YETİYOR: Kısmi emeklilik de denilen yöntemde ise 15 yıl ve 3600 günü dolduranlar daha fazla çalışmadan emekli olabiliyor. Burada yaş şartı kadınlarda 58, erkeklerde 60'a çıkabiliyor. Bu imkan 9 Eylül 1999 öncesi sigorta lı olanlar için geçerli. Sonrası için ise prim 4500'e, yıl şartı 25'e çıkıyor.
● ÇOCUK KAZANDIRIR: Kadın çalışanlar için çocukları üzerinden prim kazanma imkanı bulunuyor. Bu imkan 3 çocuğa kadar borçlanma ile 2160 gün, yani 6 yıl kazandırıyor. Böylece yaşı ve yılı dolmuş bir anne 3 çocuğu varsa 6 yıl erken emekli olabiliyor. Burada tek şart, çocuklarının sigortalı olunan tarihten sonra dünyaya gelmiş olması.
● SAĞLIK ÖNEMLİ MAZERET: Çalışırken iş yapabilme gücünü en az yüzde 60 kaybedenler sağlık raporu alarak malulen emekli olabiliyor. En az 10 yıl sigorta lı olup 1800 gün ile veya başka birinin sürekli bakımına muhtaç derecede malul olan sigortalılar için sigortalılık süresi aranmaksızın malulen emeklilik imkanı veriliyor.
● ASKERLİK GERİYE ÇEKER: Erkeklerde askerlik süreleri hem yaşı geriye çekerken hem de prim kazanma imkanı veriyor. Sigortalı olmadan önce yapılan askerlik için borçlanılması, sigorta giriş tarihini borçlanılan gün kadar geriye çekiyor. 1988 girişli birisi 1 yıl askerlik borçlanırsa 1987 girişli oluyor ve şartları buna göre belirleniyor.
● BU MESLEKLERE DİKKAT: Kanunun Fiili Hizmet Süresi Zammı (FHSZ) diye tarif ettiği bu avantaj belli mesleklere uygulanıyor. Ağır işlerde çalışanlar, madenciler, gazeteciler, gemi adamları gibi mesleklerde çalışanlar sigortalılık sürelerine belli oranda gün eklenerek ve işe girişi geriye çekerek emeklilik imkanına kavuşuyor.
Emekli aylığı hesaplama
Emekli aylığı hesaplama memurlar için; memurların aylıkları, dereceleri, kademeleri, ek gösterge ve hizmet üreleri gibi kriterler baz alınarak yapılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda görevlerine Ekim 2008 tarihinden önce başlayan memurlar için hesaplama gösterge ve katsayı sistemi ile yapılmaktadır.Emekli aylığı hesaplama konusunda bir başka durum da ortalama kazanca göre emekli aylığı hesaplamadır. Bunun için 25 yıl boyunca hizmet etmiş olan memurların aylık bağlama oran ları %75 olmaktadır.
Ekim 2008 tarihi sonrası içinse bu oran %50 olmaktadır.Bağ-kur'lu olan vatandaşlar için de emekli aylığı hesaplama üç dönem etkili oluyor. 2000 yılı öncesindeki dönemde yüksek prim ödemesi yapılmışsa emekli maaşları da daha yüksek oluyor. Ekim 2008 tarihi sonrasında ise emekli aylıkları daha düşük hesaplanmaktadır.