Otomotivde başlayarak elektronik sektörüne sıçrayan küresel çip tedariki sorunu giderek büyürken, çip talebinin karşılanması için gelecek 10 yılda Ar-Ge ve sermaye harcamalarına yaklaşık 3 trilyon dolarlık yatırım yapılması gerektiği belirtiliyor.
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Otomotivde başlayarak elektronik sektörüne sıçrayan küresel çip tedariki sorunu giderek büyürken, çip talebinin karşılanması için gelecek 10 yılda Ar-Ge ve sermaye harcamalarına yaklaşık 3 trilyon dolarlık yatırım yapılması gerektiği belirtiliyor.
Yeni tip koronavirüs (Kovid-19) salgınının etkisiyle otomotiv sektöründen başlayarak küresel bir "dar boğazın" başrolünü alan çipler, günümüz ekonomilerinin vazgeçilmez unsurları olarak öne çıkıyor.
Çip, bir yarı iletken malzeme üzerine yüksek teknoloji kullanılarak elektronik devrelerin basılması olarak tarif edilirken, günümüzde elektrikle çalışan hemen hemen bütün cihazlarda çip kullanılıyor.
Kredi kartlarında, telefonlarda, ev elektroniğinde, tabletlerde, bilgisayarlarda ve otomobillerde çipler kullanılıyor.
Dijital ekonominin "belkemiği" niteliğindeki çip tedarikinde, otomotivde başlayarak elektronik gibi sektörlere de sıçrayan küresel sorun devam ederken, üreticiler artan talebi karşılayabilmek için yoğun şekilde çalışıyor.
Çip sıkıntısının üretimde aksamalara neden olarak milyarlarca dolarlık zarara yol açması beklenirken, sektör temsilcileri çip sıkıntısının kısa sürede çözülemeyeceğini belirtiyor.
ÇİP ÜRETİMİ YÜKSEK ORANDA AR-GE VE SERMAYE HARCAMASI GEREKTİRİYOR
"Yarı iletkenler" olarak da bilinen çiplerin ülkeler arası rekabet unsurlarından biri olarak görülürken, çip üreticileri artan talebi karşılayabilmek için yatırımlarını yoğunlaştırıyor.
Dünyanın birçok ülkesinde otomobil fabrikaları "çip kıtlığı" nedeniyle kapatılırken, birçok ülke modern bir çip fabrikası kurmak ve böylece yerel endüstrinin gelecekte zamanında ve yeterli bir şekilde tedarik edilmesini sağlamak istiyor.
Tasarımı ve üretimi oldukça karmaşık olan yarı iletkenler için yüksek oranda hem Ar-Ge hem de sermaye harcaması gerekiyor.
Yarı İletken Endüstrisi Derneği (SIA) ile Boston Consulting Group'un raporu, gelecek 10 yılda yarı iletkenlere yönelik artan talebin karşılanabilmesi için küresel olarak Ar-Ge ve sermaye harcamalarına yaklaşık 3 trilyon dolarlık yatırım yapılması gerekeceğini ortaya koyuyor.
Rapora göre, elektronik tasarım otomasyonu, çip tasarımı ve gelişmiş üretim ekipmanları gibi Ar-Ge yoğun faaliyetlerde ABD başı çekerken, Doğu Asya, hükümet teşvikleriyle desteklenen büyük sermaye yatırımlarının yanı sıra sağlam altyapıya ve vasıflı işgücüne erişim gerektiren yonga imalatında ön plana çıkıyor.
Çin ise nispeten daha az beceri ve daha çok sermaye gerektiren montaj, paketleme ve testte lider konumda bulunurken, değer zincirinde genişlemek için güçlü bir şekilde yatırım yapıyor.
EN ÇOK TİCARETİ YAPILAN 4'ÜNCÜ ÜRÜN
Çipler, ham petrol, rafine petrol ve arabaların ardından dünyada en çok ticareti yapılan 4'üncü ürün olurken, küresel tüketimin yüzde 25'ini gerçekleştiren ABD ve Çin bu alandaki en büyük pazarlar olarak dikkati çekiyor.
Uzmanlar, sektör temsilcileri ve hükümetlerin, pazarlara, teknolojilere, sermayeye ve kabiliyetlere küresel çapta erişimi kolaylaştırmak ve tedarik zincirini daha dayanıklı hale getirmek için iş birliği yapılması gerektiğinin altını çiziyor.
Çip üretim kapasitesinin yaklaşık yüzde 75'i yüksek sismik aktivite ve jeopolitik gerilimlere önemli ölçüde maruz kalan bir bölge olan Çin ve Doğu Asya'da yoğunlaşıyor. Ayrıca, dünyanın en gelişmiş yarı iletken üretim kapasitesinin çoğu Güney Kore ve Tayvan'da bulunuyor.
Bu bölgelerde doğal afet, altyapı sıkıntıları veya küresel çatışmalar yaşanması halinde çip tedarikinde ciddi kesintilere neden olabileceği belirtiliyor.
Tamamen "kendi kendine yeten" yerelleştirilmiş tedarik zincirlerinin önemli ölçüde artan maliyetler yaratacağı ve yarı iletken fiyatlarında yüzde 35-65'lik bir artışa yol açacağı da öngörülüyor.
ŞİRKETLER DESTEK ARAYIŞINDA
Yarı iletken şirketlerinin, yapay zeka, nesnelerin interneti veya otonom araçlar gibi uygulamaları güçlendirmek amacıyla gittikçe daha sofistike çipler geliştirmek için, yıllık 90 milyar doların üzerinde Ar-Ge'ye yatırım yapmaya devam etmesi gerekiyor. Bu tutar, küresel yarı iletken satışlarının yaklaşık yüzde 20'sine denk geliyor.
Dünyada gelişmiş yarı iletkenleri TSMC, Samsung ve Intel gibi şirketler üretiyor. Intel, Avrupa'da fabrika kurup üretim yapması için politika yapıcılardan 10 milyar dolarlık destek talep ediyor.
Çiplere yönelik talebin önümüzdeki birkaç yıl içinde muazzam bir şekilde artması beklenirken, ABD'li çip üreticisi Intel'in Avrupa ülkeleriyle bu yeni fabrika için bu yaz anlaşacağı öngörülüyor.
SEKTÖR GELECEK YILLARDA YÜKSEK VASIFLI ÇALIŞAN SIKINTISI YAŞAYABİLİR
Öte yandan yüksek vasıflı çalışanlar, çip gibi Ar-Ge yoğun bir sektör için kritik öneme sahip bulunuyor. Ancak sektörün gelecek yıllarda inovasyonun hızını sınırlayabilecek bir yüksek vasıflı çalışan sıkıntısı riskiyle karşı karşıya olduğu belirtiliyor.
Yetenekli çalışan eksikliğinin endüstrinin faaliyetleri için büyük ölçekli bir kesinti tehdidi oluşturmasa da gelecek yıllarda hızlı ve aralıksız inovasyonu sürdürme becerisini önemli ölçüde zayıflatabileceği kaydediliyor.
Küresel tedarik kesintilerine yönelik risklere karşı hükümetlerin piyasa odaklı teşvik programlarını hayata geçirmesi gerektiği vurgulanıyor. Ar-Ge ve teknoloji standartları konusunda küresel ticareti ve uluslararası iş birliğini daha da teşvik etmek için adımlar atılması gerektiği belirtiliyor.