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Çin'in büyük emlak şirketlerinden biri olan Evergrande hakkında endişeli bir dönemeçe girildi. Evergrande'nin borç krizi piyasalarda büyük bir sarsıntıya sebep oldu. Hükümetin bile kurtarmakta zorluk çekeceği görülen Evergrande krizi nin tüm dünyaya etkisinin ne olacağı büyük bir merak konusu. Peki, Evergrande nedir, ne demek? Çin Evergrande krizi nedir? Piyasalar çökecek mi? Dünya piyasalarına etkisi ne olacak? İşte konu hakkında tüm merak edilenler!
EVERGRANDE NEDİR, NE DEMEK? ÇİN EVERGRANDE KRİZİ NEDİR?
Çin'in en büyük emlak şirketlerinden Evergrande 'nin finansal açıdan zor durumda olduğunun anlaşılması sonrası artan risk algısı küresel piyasaları olumsuz etkilerken, Nordea Market Baş Analisti Tuuli Koivu , şirketin Çin'in politikalarındaki değişim nedeniyle kurtarılmayabileceğini kaydetti.
Bilinen 300 milyar dolar borcu bulunan Çinli emlak geliştirme şirketi Evergrande'nin, Çin'de finansal istikrara zarar verebileceği endişesi dünya genelinde piyasalardaki risk iştahını azalttı.
1996 yılında kurulan Evergrande'nin web sitesindeki bilgilere göre, 280'den fazla şehirde 1.300'den fazla projesi bulunan şirket, Fortune 500 listesinde 2020'de 122. sırada yer aldı.
ŞİRKETİN BATMASI HALİNDE RİSKLERİN SINIRLI KALMASI BEKLENİYOR
Toplam varlıkları yaklaşık 350 milyar dolar (2,3 trilyon yuan), yıllık satış gelirleri de 110 milyar doları (700 milyar yuan) aşan şirkette 200 bin kişi çalışıyor.
Öte yandan, şirket inşaat alanının dışında teknoloji ve sağlık gibi alanlara da yatırım yaparken, finansallardaki bozulmada bu adımların da etkili olmuş olabileceği tahmin ediliyor.
Analistler, şirketin finansal yapısının bozulmasında çoğunlukla şirket yönetiminin borçlanma alışkanlıkları, ana faaliyet alanıyla birlikte yatırım yapılan yeni alanlarda nakit akış döngülerinin gecikmeli olması ve Çin'in borçlanma kriterlerini sıkılaştırması gibi adımların önemli rol oynadığını belirtti.
Son yıllarda Çin'de hanehalkı borçluluk seviyesinin Gayri Safi Yurt içi Hasıla'ya (GSYH) oranının yüzde 60'ı geride bıraktığına dikkati çeken analistler, bu durumun son yıllarda sürekli artan konut fiyatlarındaki trendi sekteye uğratarak şirketin gelirlerinde azalmaya sebep olduğunu aktardı.
Analistler, şirketin borçlarının ise çoğunlukla yerel para birimi cinsinden olduğunu kaydederek, şirketin temerrüde düşmesi halinde etkinin çoğunlukla Çin'in içinde kalmasının beklendiğini, ancak yine de bu durumun küresel piyasalarda oynaklığı artırabileceğini ifade etti.
"ÇİN'İN İNŞAAT ŞİRKETLERİNE İLİŞKİN TUTUMU YILLAR İÇİNDE DEĞİŞTİ"
Nordea Market Baş Analisti Tuuli Koivu , konuya ilişkin açıklamasında, şirketin likidite problemlerinin aylar öncesinden bilindiğini ancak, şimdiye kadar kimsenin duruma gerekli özeni göstermediğini vurguladı.
İnşaat sektörünün yıllarca Çin ekonomisinin yapı taşlarından biri olduğunu ve bu sebeple Çin hükümetinin yıllarca inşaat firmalarının batmasını göz ardı edemediğini aktaran Koivu, bu durumun son yıllarda değiştiğini belirtti.
Koivu, Çinli liderlerin reel sektör konusunda ABD'deki 2008 küresel finans krizindeki gibi sorunları tekrar yaşamaktan çekindiklerini bildirerek, aşırı borçlu inşaat sektörünün regüle edilmesi yönünde adımlar attığını ifade etti.
Çin'in konuya ilişkin duruşundaki değişimin göze çarptığını vurgulayan Koivu, "Çin'de inşaat firmaları için finansal koşullar yıllar içinde sıkılaştırıldı. Ayrıca, bir arsanın alınıp fiyatının artması için beklenilmesi gibi speküleatif adımlar yasalarca kısıtlandı." değerlendirmesinde bulundu.
Koivu, değerlendirmesine şöyle devam etti:
"Evergrande ile ilgili sıkıntılar söz konusu düzenlemeler sonucu ortaya çıktı. Bu durumun Çinli liderler tarafından da sürpriz olarak karşılandığını zannetmiyorum. Kredilerdeki sıkılaştırmanın bazı sıkıntıları ortaya çıkaracağı aşikardı fakat, Çin'in uzun dönemli hedeflerini gerçekleştirmesi için büyüme modelini değiştirmesi ve daha büyük problemlerden kaçınması için bu yapısal değişiklik gerekliydi."
"OTORİTELERİN EVERGRANDE'Yİ AŞIRI BORÇLU ŞİRKETLER İÇİN KÖTÜ BİR ÖRNEK YAPACAĞINI DÜŞÜNÜYORUZ"
Evergrande için özel sektör bazlı bir çözüm bulunamadığı takdirde şirketin Çin hükümeti tarafından kurtarılmasının şaşırtıcı olacağını ifade eden Koivu, "Biz, otoritelerin Evergrande'yi aşırı borçlu şirketler için kötü bir örnek yapacağını ve yatırımcıların Çin'de kredi riskine ilişkin hafif bir ders alacağını düşünüyoruz." değerlendirmesinde bulundu.
Koivu, Çinli otoritelerin olayın negatif etkilerini özellikle hanehalkı için azaltacaklarını düşündüğünü belirterek, şunları kaydetti:
"Domino efekti gibi bir durumdan kaçınabileceğine inanmamız için üç neden var. Birincisi, Evergrande'nin yükümlülükleri Çin'in GSYH'nin yüzde 2'sine denk gelirken, bu durum ABD'deki tahvil kriziyle karşılaştırıldığında neredeyse risksiz. İkincisi, risklerin yerli ve yabancı tahvil sahipleri arasında dengeli dağıtılmış olması. Üçüncüsü ise bankaların borçları için kullanılan teminatların sağlam olması."
Çin hükümetinin Evergrande'nin maddi hasarlarından bağımsız olarak Çin hanehalkı için olası negatif etkileri önlemek isteyeceğini bildiren Koivu, yeni tip koronavirüs (Kovid-19) salgını sebebiyle halihazırda azalan hanehalkı güveninin daha da kötüleşmesine izin verilmeyeceğini düşündüğünü aktardı.
Koivu, öte yandan, inşaat firmaları için sıkı finansal koşulların bundan sonrası için devrede olacağını hatırlatarak, "Çin şu anda kısa dönemli büyüme rakamlarına değil, uzun dönemli görünüme odaklanmış durumda. Bu yüzden, Çinli liderlerle birlikte yatırımcılar bazı şirketler için Çin'deki iş ortamı temellerinin sarsılmasından çekinmiyor." ifadelerini kullandı.