Avrupa Birliği'ni (AB) kuran ve temel yapısını oluşturan Maastricht Anlaşması'nın 30'uncu yıl dönümü; Kovid-19 salgını, enflasyonda ve enerji fiyatlarında zirve ile Rusya-Ukrayna gerginliği arasında buruk kutlanacak.
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Avrupa Birliği'ni (AB) kuran ve temel yapısını oluşturan Maastricht Anlaşması'nın 30'uncu yıl dönümü; Kovid-19 salgını, enflasyonda ve enerji fiyatlarında zirve ile Rusya-Ukrayna gerginliği arasında buruk kutlanacak.
AB'yi kuran Maastricht Anlaşması; Almanya, Fransa, İngiltere, İtalya, İspanya, Hollanda, Belçika, Portekiz, Yunanistan, Danimarka, İrlanda ve Lüksemburg'un yer aldığı 12 Avrupa ülkesi tarafından 7 Şubat 1992'de imzalandı.
Hollanda'nın Maastricht şehrinde imzalanan anlaşma, 1 Kasım 1993'te yürürlüğe girdi ve Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu (AET), bugünkü "Avrupa Birliği" adını aldı.
Anlaşma, AB'nin "ekonomik ve parasal birlik", "ortak dış işleri ve güvenlik politikası" ile "adalet ve iç işlerinde" iş birliğini içeren 3 temel direğini ortaya çıkaran yeni bir yapı ortaya koydu.
"Ulus devletlerden oluşan bir birlik", "Avrupa vatandaşlığı" ve "ortak ekonomi ve parasal birlikten" oluşan 3 ana hedefle ortaya çıkan anlaşma, taraf ülkelerin genel politik alanlarda daha fazla iş birliği ve koordinasyonunu sağlamayı amaçladı.
Üye ülkelerin ekonomik ve parasal birliği için bir plan ortaya koyan anlaşma, bugün "Avro Bölgesi" adıyla bilinen bağımsız bir Avrupa Merkez Bankası (ECB) tarafından yönetilecek avro para biriminin gerekli hazırlıklarının tamamlanmasını hedefledi.
MAASTRİCHT KRİTERLERİ ORTAYA ÇIKTI
Anlaşmayla üye ülkelerin ekonomik ve parasal birliğe katılabilmeleri için gerekli şartlar belirlendi. Bu çerçevede ilk şart, "toplulukta en düşük enflasyona sahip 3 ülkenin yıllık enflasyon oranları ortalaması ile ilgili üye ülke enflasyon oranı arasındaki farkın 1,5 puanı geçmemesi" olarak belirlendi.
Anlaşmada, "Üye ülke kamu borçlarının GSYH'ye oranı yüzde 60'ı geçmemelidir. Üye ülke bütçe açığının GSYH'ye oranı yüzde 3'ü geçmemelidir. Herhangi bir üye ülkede uygulanan uzun vadeli faiz oranları 12 aylık dönem itibarıyla fiyat istikrarı alanında en iyi performans gösteren 3 ülkenin faiz oranını 2 puandan fazla aşmamalıdır. Son 2 yıl itibarıyla üye ülke parası diğer bir üye ülke parası karşısında devalüe edilmiş olmamalıdır." gibi ekonomik kriterler belirlendi.
AVRUPA VATANDAŞI KAVRAMI
Maastricht Anlaşması ile "Avrupa vatandaşı" kavramı da ortaya çıktı. Anlaşmayı 30 yıl önce imzalayan 12 üye ülke vatandaşları, Avrupa vatandaşı olarak kabul edilirken, bu kişilerin diğer üye ülkeler arasında özgürce seyahat etmesi, ikamet etmesi ve Avrupa Parlamentosu (AP) ve yerel seçimlerde oy kullanmaları sağlandı.
ORTAK DIŞ POLİTİKA HEDEFİ
Anlaşma ile taraf ülkeler arasında dış politika, güvenlik, adalet ve iç işlerinde iş birliğini sağlayacak politikaların belirlenmesi karara bağlandı.
Maastricht Anlaşması ile AB üyesi ülkeler ve ortaklık kurulan diğer ülkelerin güvenlik güçleri arasında iş birliği sağlamak için Avrupa Polis Teşkilatı (Europol) kurulması kararı alındı.
AB, Maastricht Anlaşması'nın imzalanmasının 30'uncu yıl dönümüne, devam eden Kovid-19 salgını ile giriyor.
Son 2 yıldır salgının etkileriyle mücadele eden AB, 2022'ye de sağlık kriziyle mücadele ederek girdi. AB, aşı sipariş ettiği ilaç firmalarından aşılarını Omicron varyantına karşı etkili hale getirerek üretmelerini istiyor.
ENFLASYON SORUNU
AB ülkelerinde özellikle 2021'in ağustos ayından itibaren enflasyon hızla yükseldi.
Avro Bölgesi'nde, aralık ayında yıllık enflasyon enerji fiyatlarındaki yükselişin etkisiyle yüzde 5'e çıkarak verilerin toplandığı son 25 yılın en yüksek seviyesine ulaştı.
Tedarik sıkıntıları ve yüksek talebin devam etmesiyle enflasyondaki yükselişin yakın zamanda son bulması beklenmiyor.
Özellikle gıda ve enerji ürünlerindeki enflasyon Avrupalıları da rahatsız ediyor. Bu durumun yılın büyük bölümünde devam etmesine kesin gözüyle bakılıyor.
ENERJİ KRİZİ
Avrupa'da özellikle sonbahar aylarıyla beraber doğal gaz ve elektrik gibi enerji ürünlerinin fiyatları hızla yükseldi.
Talebin canlanması ve arz sıkıntılarının sebep olduğu bu artış, soğuk kış mevsimiyle zirve yaptı. Avrupa'da doğal gaz fiyatları, son bir yılda yaklaşık 5 kat artış gösterdi. Kış aylarında artan elektrik ve gaz faturaları tüketicileri rahatsız etti.
Enerji fiyatlarının bu yıl hızla azalması beklenmiyor.
RUSYA-UKRAYNA GERGİNLİĞİ
Rusya'nın Ukrayna sınırına askeri yığınak yapması Avrupa ülkelerini geriyor. Olası bir çatışma halinde Avrupa, nasıl bir tepki vereceğini belirlemekte güçlük çekiyor. Rusya'ya karşı yapabilecekleri sınırlı olan Avrupa, ekonomik yaptırımdan bahsediyor. Ancak Rusya'nın Ukrayna'ya fiziki müdahalesi, aslen Avrupa güvenliğini zedeleyecek bir durum ortaya çıkarıyor.
Avrupa, Rusya-Ukrayna arasında tırmanan gerginlik nedeniyle devam eden enerji krizinin daha da derinleşmesi endişesi taşıyor.
AB ÜLKELERİNİN KAMU BORCU
AB kurallarına göre, normal şartlarda üye ülkelerin bütçe açıklarının GSYH'lerinin yüzde 3'ünü, kamu borçlarının da GSYH'lerinin yüzde 60'ını geçmemesi gerekiyor.
Bu sınır aşıldığında uygulanacak tedbirlerin AB Komisyonu'na bildirilmesi ve etkin mücadelenin yapılması şart koşuluyor. Ancak AB üyesi ülkeler, salgın nedeniyle söz konusu kuralları askıya alma kararı almış ve kamu harcamalarını hızla yükseltmişti.
AB ülkelerinin kamu borcunun GSYH'ye oranı 2021'in üçüncü çeyreğinde yüzde 90,1 seviyesinde ölçüldü. Bu oran, Avro Bölgesi'nde de yüzde 97,7'yi buldu.
AB ülkeleri arasında kamu borcunun GSYH'ye oranı Yunanistan'da yüzde 200,7, İtalya'da yüzde 155,3, Portekiz'de yüzde 130,5, İspanya'da 121,8, Fransa'da yüzde 116 ve Belçika'da yüzde 111,4 oldu. Bu rakam, Almanya'da yüzde 69,4 ve Avusturya'da yüzde 84,1'i gördü.
Söz konusu veriler, üyelerin yarıdan fazlasının Birlik kriterlerinde belirlenen sınırları aştığını ortaya koyuyor.
Bu arada, Türkiye'nin AB tanımlı genel yönetim borç stoku, 30 Eylül 2021 itibarıyla 2 trilyon 415,7 milyar TL oldu. Söz konusu kamu borcunun milli gelire oranı ise yüzde 37,6 seviyesiyle AB kriterleriyle uyumlu gerçekleşti.