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Türkiye'de emeklilik sisteminde aylık ödenen dosya sayısı 16 milyona ulaşmış durumda. Bakıldığı zaman 1.8 çalışana bir emekli düşüyor. Bunun olması gereken oranı ise 4 çalışana bir emeklinin düşmesi. Dolayısıyla bu dengenin sağlanamaması hem sosyal güvenlik sistemini zora sokuyor hem de emeklilerin daha yüksek aylık almalarını önlüyor.
Takvim Foto Arşiv
NORM BİRLİĞİ YOK 2008 reformuyla tüm kurumlar SGK (Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu) çatısı altında birleştirildi ama bir norm birliği sağlanamadı. Hala emekli olma şartları, maaş bağlama şekli, maaşlara yapılan artış oranları kurumlara göre farklı uygulanıyor. Dolayısıyla da emekliler arasında maaş farklılıkları ortaya çıkıyor. Bunu kullanan bazı çevreler de yalan yanlış bilgilerle ortalığı bulandırıyor.
Takvim Foto Arşiv
YENİ MODEL ŞART Emekli maaş bağlama sisteminin artık yeni döneme uygun hale gelmesi gerektiğini burada sorunlar olduğunu dile getirdik, gündem yaptık. Ardından Orta Vadeli Program 'da (OVP) emeklilik sistemi ve maaş hesaplama yöntemlerini de içine alan bir dizi düzenlemenin yapılması öngörüldü.
Ardından taban maaş uygulamasının çok önemli bir destek olduğunu ancak zam dönemlerinde 'sıfır zam' sorunu ortaya çıkardığını belirttik. Bu konuda da her dönem artışlar yapılmaya başlandı.
Takvim Foto Arşiv
Son olarak 2024 yılında emekli olacaklarla 2025 yılında emekli olacaklar arasında güncelleme katsayısı sebebiyle yüzde 30 oranında fark oluşabileceğini gündem yaptık. Şimdi Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik bakanlığı bu konuda bir çalışma yapıldığını açıkladı.
SORUNLAR HANGİSİ ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİMİZ NELER Sorun 1: Maaş bağlama sisteminde kullanılan üç dönem ayrı hesaplama emekliler arasında farklılıklar oluşturuyor. Farklı aylık bağlama oranları hesaplamalarda haksızlık yapıldığı algısı oluşturuyor ve 'intibak' talepleri çoğalıyor.
Çözüm önerimiz: Aylık bağlama sistemi üçlü karma yapıdan kurtarılmalı, tek oran ve güncelleme ile sadeleşmelidir.
Takvim Foto Arşiv
Emekli aylığı hesaplanırken uygulanan üçlü yapı sistemi karmaşıklaştırıyor. 1999 öncesi dönem için farklı aylık bağlama oranları ve güncelleme katsayısı, 1999-2008 arası için daha düşmüş bir aylık bağlama oranı ve yeni güncelleme katsayısı, ardından 2008 sonrası için düşük aylık bağlama oranı ve büyümenin enflasyonun etki ettiği güncelleme katsayısı. Bu hesaplamalar üç ayrı kanuna göre yapılıyor. Bu üç ayrı hesap toplanıp emekli aylığı ortaya çıkartılıyor. Dolayısıyla bu karma sistem hem hizmeti alanın hem de hizmeti verenin kafasını karıştırıyor.
Dolayısıyla çok değişken olmayan güncelleme katsayısı ve aylık bağlama oranıyla tek bir hesaplama yapılabilir. Böylece çok prim ödeyenin ve çok çalışanın daha yüksek maaş aldığı bir sistem ortaya çıkabilir. Bu sistem emekli olmayı değil çalışmayı da teşvik edecektir.
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Sorun 2: Çok prim günü olan az maaş alabildiği için haksızlık yapıldığını düşünüyor. Yüksek prim ödemenin karşılığının olmaması algısıyla hem kayıt dışılığın hem de gerçek maaşın gizlenerek gizli kayıt dışılığın ortaya çıkıyor. Böylece hem devletten vergi ve prim kaçırılırken çalışanın da geleceği çalınıyor. Ancak 'Düşük ödesem de taban maaş alırım nasıl olsa' algısı bu sorunu körüklüyor.
Çözüm önerimiz: Ödenen primlerin ana veriyi oluşturmaya devam edeceği ama çalışılan günün de maaşlarda etkisinin hissedileceği bir sistem sorunu çözecektir.
OVP'de yer alan bu model için "Sosyal güvenlik sisteminde kişilerin daha çok istihdamda kalmasını teşvik eden, hakkaniyeti ve aktüeryal dengeyi önceleyen düzenlemeler hayata geçirilerek sistemin mali sürdürülebilirliği güçlendirilecektir" denildi. Çok çalışıp yüksek prim ödeyen sigortalıların yüksek emekli aylığı almasını sağlayacak sistem emekliliği değil çalışmayı teşvik edecek, kayıt dışılığı da önleyecektir.
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Sorun 3: 6 aylık enflasyona bakılarak yapılan artışlar, emekliyi enflasyona ezdirmeme gayesiyle yapılıyor. Ancak her dönem refah payı eklenmesi gündeme geliyor ve bu tartışmalara yol açıyor
Çözüm önerimiz: 6 aylık enflasyon kadar yapılan artışlar yerine her ay bir önceki ayın enflasyonu kadar yapılacak artış, emekli aylıklarındaki erimeyi önleyeceği gibi, refah payı gibi tartışmaları ortadan kaldıracak, değişen güncelleme katsayısı sorununu da çözecektir.
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Sorun 4: Dilekçe tarihi bağlanacak aylığı değiştiriyor. Bu da belli dönemlerde yığılmalara yol açıyor. 2024-2025 arasındaki yüzde 30 farkta olduğu gibi 'emeklilerin maaşı düşürülüyor' gibi bir yalanın yayılmasına yol açıyor.
Çözüm önerimiz: Maaş hesabında kullanılan parametreler şunlar:
*Sigortalının çalışırken ödediği primler (SPEK: Sosyal Güvenlik Prime Esas kazanç)
*Üç dönem için aylık bağlama oranları
*Önceki yılın güncelleme katsayısı
-Önceki yılın enflasyon oranı
- Önceki yıl büyümenin yüzde 30'u
-İçinde bulunulan yılın enflasyon artışları
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Maaş bağlanırken kullanılan güncelleme katsayısı yıldan yıla aylıkları da değiştiriyor. Örneğin 2024 yılında uygulanacak güncelleme katsayısı 2023 yılı enflasyon ve büyüme oranları dikkate alındığında 21025'de uygulanacak olandan yüksek çıkıyor. Bu da 2024 yılı içinde dilekçe veren bir sigortalının 20254'de emekli olacak bir sigortalıya oranla yaklaşık yüzde 30 daha fazla maaş almasını sağlıyor.
Belirlenecek ortalama bir güncelleme katsayısı (asgari ücret ya da memur maaşları gibi parametre kullanılabilir) yıllar arasındaki aylık farklılıklarını da ortadan kaldıracaktır. Böylece enflasyon ya da artışlar ne olursa olsun emekli olacaklar hangi güncelleme katsayılarının kullanılacağını önceden bilirler.
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Sorun 5: Taban maaş uygulaması geniş kesimleri rahatlatırken her zam döneminde 'sıfır zam' sorununu ortaya çıkartıyor. Ayrıca taban maaşın hemen üstündeki aylık skalalarında rahatsızlığa yol açıyor. 3.600 günle emekli olan birinin 12.500 TL maaş alması, 9 bin günle emekli olan birisinin 13.000 TL maaş alması gibi.
Çözüm önerimiz: Son yıllarda emeklilerin kafasını karıştıran bir başka unsur da 'taban maaş' ve 'kök maaş' uygulaması oldu. Pandemiyle getirilen taban maaş uygulaması aslında düşük maaş alan emekliler açısından büyük avantaj oluşturdu. Çalışma hayatı kısa sürmüş, kısmi emekli olmuş, malulen emekli olmuş ya da asgari ücretten prim yatırmış birçok sigortalının emekli maaşı düşük kalmıştı. Bu emeklilere Hazine'den yapılan destek ile taban maaş şeklinde daha yüksek aylıklar ödendi, ödenmeye devam ediyor. Bugünkü rakamlara bakıldığında 6-7 bin lira aylığı olan bir emekliye 12.500 TL ödeniyor. Böylece ciddi bir Hazine katkısıyla mağduriyet önleniyor. Burada taban maaşın hemen üstündeki maaş dilimleri de dikkate alınarak tek seferlik de olsa kademeli bir seyyanen artış yapılarak geniş kitlelerin ferahlaması sağlanabilir. Böylece her dönem yaşanan sıfır zam sorunu da ortadan kalkar.