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2020 Ramazan'da bu sene oruç tutulacak mı ? Evde teravih namazı nasıl kılınır ? Sorular Diyanet tarafından açıklandı. Milyonlarca müslümanın büyük bir heyecanla beklediği Ramazan ayı için geri sayım başladı. Bu sene ülkemizi ve dünyayı esir alan Koronavirüs belası nedeniyle Diyanet tarafından bazı önlemler alındı. Diyanet ''Ramazan ayında sağlıklı olan her müminin oruç tutması Allah Teâla'nın emriyle (el-Bakara, 2/183-185) farz kılınmıştır. Bu ibadetin topyekûn ertelenmesi mümkün değildir." diyerek sağlık engeli olmadığı sürece Ramazan'da oruç tutulacağını açıkladı. Oruç: Bir şeye karşı kendini tutmak, engellemek" anlamında kullanılır. Oruç, imsak vaktinden iftar vaktine kadar, bir amaç uğruna ve bilinçli olarak, yeme içme ve cinsel ilişkiden uzak durmak demektir.
RAMAZAN'DA ORUÇ TUTULACAK MI?
Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu , "Yüce dinimizin ilkelerine göre her ibadetin ifa edileceği zaman, mekân ve şartlar vahiyle belirlenmiştir. Ramazan ayında sağlıklı olan her müminin oruç tutması Allah Teâla'nın emriyle (el-Bakara, 2/183-185) farz kılınmıştır. Bu ibadetin topyekûn ertelenmesi mümkün değildir." diyerek sağlık engeli olmadığı sürece Ramazan'da oruç tutulacağını açıkladı.
Kurul oruç ve sağlık durumu ile ilgili ayrıcas şu açıklamaları yaptı:
"Alan uzmanlarından alınan bilgilere göre sağlıklı bireylerin oruç tutmaları, hastalığın yayılması bakımından özel bir risk oluşturmamaktadır. Ayrıca oruç tutmanın bağışıklık sistemini olumsuz etkilediğine dair kanıta dayalı tıbbi bir tespit bulunmazken aksine oruç tutmanın bağışıklık sistemi üzerinde olumlu etkiler meydana getirdiğine ilişkin bilimsel yayınlar mevcuttur."
RAMAZAN'DA KİMLER ORUÇ TUTAMAZ?
Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu , koronavirüs salgınını olduğu şu dönemde Ramazan'da kimlerin oruç tutamayacağına da açıklık getirdi:
"Kur'an-ı Kerim'de Ramazan orucunu tutmamayı mubah kılan temel mazeretlerden biri olan hastalık halinde, orucun daha sonra kaza edilmesine izin verilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/185). İslam âlimleri, oruç tutulması halinde hasta olunması, hastalığın uzaması veya artması ihtimalini de bu kapsamda değerlendirmişlerdir."
Buna göre;
-Kovid-19 teşhisi konulmuş olup doktoru tarafından oruç tutması sakıncalı görülenler
-Oruç tuttuğu takdirde hastalığı daha ağır geçireceği doktorlarca belirtilenler
-Oruç tutamayacak derecede yaşlı olanlar
-Oruç tutmaya engel kronik hastalığı bulunanlar
-Oruç tutmaları hâlinde hem sağlıklarının bozulmasından hem de sağlık hizmetlerinin aksamasından endişe eden sağlık çalışanları
-Hamile veya emziren kadınlar
-Ağır ve meşakkatli işlerde çalışıp sağlıklarının bozulacağından endişe edenler, mazeretleri devam ettiği sürece daha sonra kaza etmek üzere oruç tutmayabilirler.
"Sağlık durumları hiçbir şekilde kaza oruçlarını tutmaya el vermeyenlerin tutamadıkları her bir gün için fakirlere bir oruç fidyesi ödemeleri gerekir."
TERAVİH NAMAZI NASIL KILINACAK?
Diyanet, teravih namazında evde kılınması çağrısında bulundu:
"Camilerden uzak kalmamızın hüznünü yaşadığımız şu günlerde, teravih namazlarımızı, mukabelelerimizi evimizde ifa etmek, dualarımızı ve istiğfarlarımızı hep birlikte hanemizden Rabbimize yöneltmek, Ramazan ayının maneviyatından azami derecede istifade etmeye vesile olacaktır."
Teravih namazının vakti ne zamandır? Yatsı namazını kılmadan önce teravih kılınsa geçerli olur mu?
Teravih ve vitir namazının vakti, yatsı namazının vaktidir. Ancak hem teravih hem de vitir namazı, yatsı namazının farzından sonra kılınır. Bu itibarla yatsı namazının farzından önce kılınan teravih ve vitir namazlarının iade edilmesi gerekir. Eğer vakit çıkmış ise; teravih'in kazası gerekmez, vitrin kazası gerekir (İbnü'l- Hümâm, Feth, I, 487; Kâsânî, Bedâî', I, 290).
Teravih namazı kaç rekattır?
Hz. Peygamberin (s.a.s.) kıldığı teravih namazlarının kaç rekât olduğu konusunda, üzerinde ittifak edilen bir rivayet bulunmamaktadır. Her ne kadar onun vitir dâhil yirmi üç rekât teravih kıldığı yönünde bazı rivayetler varsa da (İbn Ebî Şeybe, el-Musannef, III, 395; Beyhakî, es-Sünenü'l-kübrâ, II, 698) bunlar fukaha tarafından farklı değerlendirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu konuda Hz. Âişe'nin, Hz. Peygamberin (s.a.s.) Ramazan ayındaki gece namazlarıyla ilgili hadisinden ve Hz. Ömer'in teravihin cemaatle kılınmasını başlatmasıyla ilgili haberlerden hareketle bir sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu konudaki haberler şöyle değerlendirilebilir:
Resûlullah'ın (s.a.s.) Ramazan'daki gece namazları sorulduğunda, Hz. Âişe, "Resûlullah, Ramazan ve Ramazan dışındaki gecelerde on bir rekâttan fazla (nafile namaz) kılmamıştır." (Buhârî, Teheccüd, 16) karşılığını vermiştir. Başka bir rivayette bu sayı on üç olarak zikredilmektedir (Müslim, Salâtü'l-Müsâfirîn, 123-124). Öncelikle bu hadisin teravih namazı hakkında olduğu konusunda bir açıklık bulunmamaktadır. Diğer taraftan Hz. Âişe'nin, Allah'ın elçisinin Ramazan ayında ve Ramazan dışındaki gecelerde on bir veya on üç rekât namaz kıldığını belirtmesi, onun teravih dışında devamlı olarak kıldığı bir gece namazının bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Zaten Kur'an-ı Kerim'de de, "Gecenin bir kısmında uyanarak, sana mahsus bir nafile olmak üzere namaz kıl. Umulur ki Rabbin, seni övgüye değer bir makama gönderir." (İsrâ, 17/79) buyurulmaktadır. Yukarıda zikredilenlerden, söz konusu sorunun, Ramazan ayında Hz. Peygamberin (s.a.s.) diğer ibadetlerinde olduğu gibi, gece namazlarında da bir artış olup olmadığını öğrenmek amacıyla sorulduğu ve teravih namazıyla bir ilişkisinin olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hz. Âişe'den rivayet edilen, "Resûlullah (s.a.s.) Ramazan ayında, diğer aylarda görülmeyen bir gayrete girerdi. Ramazan'ın son on gününde ise çok daha fazla bir gayret gösterirdi. Son on günde, geceyi ihya eder, ailesini de uyandırırdı." (Buhârî, Fazlu Leyleti'l-Kadr, 5; Müslim, İtikâf, 7, 8) hadisi bu görüşü desteklemektedir. Diğer yandan, bu hadisin teravihin meşru kılınmasından önce mi, yoksa sonra mı olduğu da belli değildir.
Öte yandan Hz. Ömer zamanındaki cemaatle kılınan teravih namazlarının rekâtları konusunda yirmi ve on bir rekât şeklinde iki rivayet vardır (İbn Ebî Şeybe, el-Musannef, III, 392, 394). Kaynaklarımızda Hz. Ömer'in dönemiyle ilgili farklı rivayetler olmakla birlikte daha sonra teravihin yirmi rekât olarak yerleştiği ve günümüze kadar da cemaatle kılınarak böyle devam ettiği ifade edilmiştir (Bkz. İbnü'l-Hümâm, Feth, I, 485; Aynî, Umde, XI, 126-127; Mâverdî, el-Hâvî, II, 291; Şevkânî, Neylü'l-evtâr, III, 516, 521).
Teravih namazı, Hz. Ömer, Hz. Osman ve Hz. Ali dönemlerinden başlayarak günümüze kadar cemaatle yirmi rekât olarak kılınmıştır. Sahabeden kimse buna itiraz etmemiş ve âlimler tarafından da bu şekilde kabul edilmiştir. Günümüzde de, başta ülkemiz olmak üzere pek çok İslam ülkesinde teravih namazı cemaatle 20 rekât olarak kılınmaktadır. Bununla birlikte şunu da ifade etmek gerekir ki, teravih namazı nafile bir ibadet olduğundan, farz gibi telakki edilmesi de doğru değildir. Bu nedenle, yorgunluk, meşguliyet ve benzeri sebeplerle, teravih namazının evde 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 veya 18 rekât kılınması hâlinde de sünnet yerine getirilmiş olur. Ancak cemaate iştirak etmeye çalışmak daha iyidir.
ORUCUN BAŞLAMA VE BİTİŞ VAKTİ
Ayette orucun başlangıç ve bitiş vakti, mecazi bir anlatımla şöyle belirtilir: "…Fecrin beyaz ipliği (aydınlığı) siyah ipliğinden (siyahlığından) ayırt edilecek hale gelinceye kadar yiyip içiniz; sonra, akşama kadar orucu tamamlayın…" (el-Bakara 2/187)
FARZ ORUÇ
Farz olan oruç denince, Ramazan orucu kastedilir ve zaten tayin edilmiş, önceden belirlenmiş (muayyen) olan oruç da budur. Mazeretli veya mazeret siz olarak tutulamadığı zaman, başka bir zaman kaza edilmesi de aynı şekilde farzdır.Ramazan orucunun bozulması sebebiyle tutulması gereken kefaret orucu yanında ayrıca, zıhar, yanlışlıkla ve kaza ile adam öldürme, hacda ihramlı iken vaktinden önce tıraş olma (halk) ve yemin için tutulacak olan kefaret oruçları da farz oruç kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir.
Kefaret orucu, yapılan bir hatanın cezası veya telafisi anlamını taşıdığından kişi için baştan belirlenmiş bir yükümlülük olmayıp, buna sebebiyet vermesi halinde gündeme gelebilen arızi bir yükümlülük niteliğindedir. Bu bakımdan Ramazan orucu "muayyen farz", diğerleri ise "gayr-i muayyen farz" olarak nitelendirilir. Ramazan orucu sadece belirli bir vakitte, yani Ramazan ayında tutulabilirken, diğerleri oruç tutmanın mubah olduğu her zaman tutulabilir.Ramazan orucunun kazası da istenilen mubah günlerde tutabilir. Fakat İmam Şafii'nin kazaya kalan orucun aynı yıl içerisinde kaza edilmesi gerektiğine ilişkin görüşü de dikkate alınarak, herhangi bir sebeple kazaya kalan orucu mümkün olan en kısa zamanda tutmaya çalışmak uygun olur.
VACİP ORUÇ
Nezir (adak), kişinin dinen yükümlü olmadığı bir ibadeti yapmayı kendisi için bir yükümlülük haline getirmesidir. Kişi, oruç tutmayı adamışsa, bu adak orucunu tutması vaciptir. Adak adanırken, orucun tutulacağı gün belirlenmişse, meselâ falan ayın falan günü gibi, bu muayyen bir vacip olur ve orucun belirlenen günde tutulması gerekir. Nezredilen itikâf orucu da belirli günde tutulacağı için muayyen vacip sayılır. Orucun tutulacağı gün belirlenmemişse gayr-i muayyen vacip olur ve dilediği mubah bir günde tutabilir.Başlanmış nafile bir orucun bozulması durumunda bunun kaza edilmesi Hanefiler'e göre vaciptir. Malikiler ise kazanın farz olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Şafii'ye ve Malik'ten başka bir rivayete göre ise, nafile orucun kazası gerekmez.
NAFİLE ORUÇ
Farz ve vacip olan oruçların dışında tutulan oruçlar nafile oruç olarak isimlendirilir. Nafile, gereksiz anlamına değil, farz ve vacip olanın dışında, kısaca gerekenin dışında yapılan anlamına gelir. Daha fazla sevap kaza nmak maksadıyla yapıldığı için tabir caizse nafile ibadet, bir bakıma fazla mesai yapmaktır. Nafile oruçların sünnet, müstehap, mendup veya tatavvu olarak adlandırıldıkları da olur.Nafile oruç, mubah olan tüm günlerde tutulabilir. Ancak bazı günlerde oruç tutmak daha faziletli görülerek bugünlerde oruç tutmak sünnet veya mendup kabul edilmiştir. Peygamberimizin sıklıkla oruç tuttuğu veya oruç tutulmasını tavsiye ettiği günler, kısaca oruç tutmanın mendup kabul edildiği belli başlı günler; Şevval orucu, Aşure orucu, her ay üç gün oruç, Pazartesi-Perşembe orucu, Zilhicce orucu, haram aylarda oruç, Şaban orucu ve Davud orucudur.