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Marmara Üniversitesi 'nden girişimci akademisyenler, Türkiye 'nin tohumda dışa bağımlılığını azaltacak teknolojiler geliştiriyor. Ayçiçeği nde klasik yöntemlerle yaklaşık 15 yıl zaman alan ıslah süresini, geliştirdikleri teknolojiyle 5 yılın altına indiren akademisyenler, ayçiçeği tohumunu kısa sürede genetik olarak yüzde 100 saf hale getirmeyi başardı.
Projenin sonucunda elde edilen başarının ticarileştirilmesi için ise Marmara Üniversitesi İnovasyon ve Teknoloji Transfer Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (MİTTO) Müdürü Prof. Dr. Ahu Altınkut Uncuoğlu , aynı üniversitede Biyoloji Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi Prof. Dr. Yıldız Aydın ve Biyomühendislik Bölümü Doktora Öğrencisi Yunus Emre Aktaş , MİTTO'nun katkılarıyla ve TÜBİTAK 'ın desteğiyle bir biyoteknoloji şirketi kurdu. Böylece bu başarı hem Türkiye 'de, hem de dünyada ticari uygulama açısından ilk örnek oldu. Akademisyenler, Almanya ve Fransa 'dan tüm dünyaya tohum ithalatı yapan en önemli iki uluslararası şirketle anlaşma imzaladı.
AKADEMİK PROJEYLE BAŞLADI Çalışmayla ilgili bilgi veren Prof. Dr. Ahu Altınkut Uncuoğlu , "Yaklaşık 25 yıldır bitki biyoteknolojisi alanında çalışan akademisyen tabanlı bir ekibiz. Çok uzun yıllar TÜBİTAK Marmara Araştırma Merkezi, Gen Mühendisliği Biyoteknoloji Enstitüsü, İstanbul Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü gibi bize alt yapı sağlayan temel akademik birimler oldu. Bunun yanı sıra Tarım Bakanlığı ve ilgili enstitüleriyle çalışmalar yaptık. Özellikle bu çalışma nezdinde Trakya Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitümüzle beraber çalışmalar yürüttük. Aslında bu çalışmanın en temel noktası, TÜBİTAK'tan desteklenen 1001 kodlu akademik bilimsel projelerdir. Çalışmamız bu şekilde başladı. Çalışma tamamlandıktan sonra acaba bir spin-off'a (filiz işletme) dönüştürebilir miyiz diye düşündük. Bu süreçte MİTTO'dan çok büyük destek aldık. TÜBİTAK'tan aldığımız destekle çalışma arkadaşım Prof. Dr. Yıldız Aydın'ın emek ve katkılarıyla doktora öğrencimizle bir spin-off kurulmuş oldu. Bundan dolayı çok mutluyuz. Bu kurulmanın ötesinde de taahhüt ettiğimiz çıktılardan en temeli saf tohum üretimiydi ve biz buna ayçiçeğiyle başladık. Çünkü ülkemizin çok önemli ve stratejik bir endüstriyel bitkisi. Bu süreç aslında sektörden gelen taleplerle sahada katkı vermeye başladı. Sonrasında da bu katkı uluslararası platforma döndü" dedi.
"10-20 YIL SÜREN ISLAH SÜRESİ 5 YILA DÜŞMÜŞ OLDU" Bu başarıyı nasıl bir yöntemle elde ettiklerini anlatan Prof. Dr. Yıldız Aydın ise, "Projenin ekseninde ayçiçeği bitkisi var. Tabii ki bildiğiniz üzere ayçiçeği tarımını olumsuz yönde etkileyen canlıya bağlı ya da canlı dışında bir takım faktörler var. Bu anlamda halk arasındaki ismiyle canavar otu ön plana çıkıyor. Ciddi bir ayçiçeği zararlısı. Buna dayanıklılığın artırılması isteniyordu aslında. Bu projedeki hedefimiz buydu. Bu ve benzeri amaçlarla ayçiçeğini iyileştirmek için hem ülkemizde hem dünyada ağırlıkla yapılan iş hibrit ıslahı. Bu oldukça uzun yıllar alıyor. 10-20 yılları alabilen bir süreç. Tabii bu süreç hem uzun zaman gerektiriyor, hem ekstra maliyet getiriyor. Bizim yaptığımız teknolojiyle bu süreci kısalttık. Bitkilerde ıslah sürecinde hibrit hatlar kullanılıyor. Bu hatlar da ilgilenilen tarımsal özellikleri taşıyan hatlar. İşte bu hibrit hatlar eğer yüzde yüz saf hale getirilirse, ıslahta ihtiyaç duyulan olmazsa olmaz başlangıç materyalleri elde ediliyor. Bu uyguladığımız teknolojiyle ihtiyaç duyulan hatları bir yıl gibi kısa sürede elde ediyoruz. İş burada bitiyor diyemem, bizim elde ettiğimiz bu hatların klasik ıslah metotlarına sağladığı katkı yönüyle olayı değerlendirmek lazım. Bu açıdan baktığımızda gerçekten oldukça avantajları olan bir yöntem diyebilirim" ifadelerini kullandı.
"PAZARLAMA ÇALIŞMALARINA BAŞLADIK" Biyomühendislik Bölümü Doktora Öğrencisi ve şirketin Genel Müdürü Yunus Emre Aktaş , çalışma süreçlerini şu sözlerle anlattı: "Kullandığımız teknoloji, doubled-haploid (genetik saflaştırma). Farklı bitkilerin üzerinde uygulanıyor. Hatta ıslah çalışmalarında da rutin olarak kullanılıyor. Bizim ayçiçeğine odaklanma sebebimiz, ayçiçeğinde uygulanamıyordu. Bu teknolojinin dezavantajı her bitkide uygulanamıyor oluşu. Üç yıl boyunca ayçiçeğinde uygulanabilecek farklı yöntemleri denedik. En son benim yüksek lisans tezim kapsamında da bir yöntem geliştirdik. Genetik olarak saflaştırılmış bitki elde etmek için. Bu yöntemin verimi çok yüksekti, böyle çalışmalar genellikle bir konseptin kanıtlanması üzerine olur. Ama her zaman bunun kanıtlanması, elde edilen çıktının ticarileştirilebileceğini göstermez. Bizim geliştirdiğimiz yöntem, ticarileştirilebilir görünüyordu. Biz bu projeyi Trakya Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü ile yani Tarım Bakanlığı'na bağlı kamu araştırma enstitüsüyle beraber yürüttük. Bu teknolojinin sürdürülebilirliği olmayacaktı, rafta kalacak gibiydi. Biz de burada inisiyatif almak istedik ve TÜBİTAK Bireysel Genç Girişim Desteğine başvurduk. Projemiz kabul edildi, TÜBİTAK da bize şirket kurup araştırmamızı yapmamız için 200 bin lira hibe verdi. 2019'da şirketimizi kurduk, bir yıl boyunca araştırma çalışmalarına yerli özel sektör tohum firmalarıyla beraber ortak olarak devam ettik. Bu teknolojinin sahada da uygulanabilirliğini gördük ve daha sonra pazarlama çalışmalarına başladık."
"HEM TÜRKİYE'DE HEM DÜNYADA TİCARİ UYGULAMA AÇISINDAN İLK ÖRNEK" Çoğunlukla yurt dışındaki firmalardan talep geldiğini ifade eden Aktaş, şöyle devam etti: "Şu anda Almanya ve Fransa'dan iki firmayla anlaştık. Bir de İspanyol firmayla anlaşma aşamasındayız. Çalışmalarımıza da bu sezon için başladık. Bu teknoloji farklı bitkilerde uygulanabiliyor. 20-30 yıldır bilinen bir teknoloji. Ama ayçiçeğinde ilk başarılı ticari uygulamasını biz yaptık. Hem Türkiye'de, hem dünyada ticari uygulama açısından ilk örnek. Yurt içinde de iki firmayla çalışıyoruz ama yurt içinde bu tip AR-GE çalışmalarına biraz daha temkinli yaklaşıyorlar."
"BU YÖNTEM TÜRK TOHUMUNUN REKABET GÜCÜNÜ ARTIRACAK"
Bu yöntemin kullanılmasının, Türk tohumunun sektörde rekabet gücünü artıracağını da dile getiren Aktaş, "Islah dediğimiz şey, bitki çeşidine bağlı olarak 15-20 yıl sürüyor. Bizim kullandığımız teknolojide, bu ıslah çalışmasının en uzun aşaması olan durultma, bir yılın altında tamamlanabiliyor. Bu da ayçiçeğinde yeni tohum geliştirme süresini 5 yılın altına indirebiliyor. Bu da kullanıcıya 10 yıllık işletme maliyetinden tasarruf sağlıyor. Bunun dışında pazara da ürünü daha erken sunabiliyorlar. Türkiye şu anda tohum konusunda iyi bir yerde aslında. Çünkü birçok tahılın genetik kaynağı Anadolu'da ve bizim ıslahçılarımız bunları kullanmakta oldukça yetkin. Ancak ellerinde modern biyoteknolojik yöntemleri kullanabilecekleri bir altyapı olmuyor. Bunlar maliyetli. Bizim de bu sektöre girme amacımız buydu. İthal edilen tohumluklarla ihraç edilen tohumluklar arasında fiyat farkına baktığımızda, ithal edilen tohumlukların 3-4 kat fiyat farkları var. Bunun da sebebi yurt dışından getirdiğimiz tohumlukların modern biyoteknoloji yöntemlerinin yardımıyla ıslah edilmiş olması. Islah sürecinde en önemli şeylerden biri, yeni bulunan bir özelliğin, elinizdeki elit bitkiye en hızlı şekilde aktarımını sağlamaktır. Bu yeni özellik bulunduğunda, bunun kaynağını bizim ıslahçılarımızda yurt dışındakiler de alıyor. Ama yurt dışındakiler bunun entegrasyonunu daha hızlı yapıyorlar. Ve pazara çok kısa sürede ürünü sunabiliyorlar. Yerli firmaların sunması için ise üç kat daha fazla zaman harcaması gerekiyor. Yerli tohumculukta bu yöntemlerin kullanımın artırılması, Türk tohumunun rekabet gücünü artıracak" diye konuştu.