Yükselen gücümüz SİHA'lar askeri operasyonel kabiliyetinin de güçlenmesinde katalizör faktör oldu.
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Türkiye'nin geliştirdiği milli silahlı insansız hava araçlarının (SİHA) Orta Asya Türk cumhuriyetlerine ihraç edilmesinin Türk dünyası askeri jeopolitiği için ne ifade ettiği analiz edildi.
SİHA RUS STATÜKOSUNU KIRDI
Askeri bilimlerin ve jeopolitiğin doğası, somut verilerle desteklenen soğuk bir gerçekçiliğe dayanır. Bu nedenle, bu makalenin başlığını oluşturan "Türk Dünyası askeri jeopolitiği" kavramı, Karabağ Savaşı'na kadar belki de sadece heyecan verici, romantik bir idealden ibaretti. Zira önümüzde, Orta Asya Türk cumhuriyetlerinin envanterlerindeki Sovyet-Rus silah sistemleri baskısı, ilgili devletlerin güvenlik elitinin Sovyet-Rus kurumları ve stratejik kültürü ile yetişmiş olması gibi ciddi engeller bulunmaktaydı.
"Türk Dünyası askeri jeopolitiği" kavramı artık romantik bir idealin ötesine geçti ve SİHA satışları burada kritik roller oynayabilir.
Oysa son dönemde, dikkatle izlediğimiz bir savunma teknolojileri trendi, bu katı ve soğuk gerçeği değiştirme potansiyeli taşıyor. Türkiye'nin geliştirdiği milli SİHA'ların soydaş ülkelere ihraç edilmesi, hatta Azerbaycan örneğinde görüldüğü üzere, söz konusu ihraç portföyünün doktrin transferi ve kapasite inşasına uzanması yeni açılım olanakları da sağlıyor. Üstelik bu vizyon, Karabağ Savaşı'nın askeri kazanımları ile "iki devlet bir millet" ifadesini bir slogan olmanın ötesine taşıdı. Türkiye-Azerbaycan stratejik ittifakı on yıllar boyu mevzilerini tutmak için teçhiz edilen Ermeni tahkimatını, Bakü'nün milli topraklarından sökmeyi başardı. Baykar'ın Teknoloji Lideri Selçuk Bayraktar'ın, Azerbaycan Devlet Başkanı İlham Aliyev tarafından Karabağ Nişanı ile taltif edilmesi, "Türk Dünyası askeri jeopolitiği" kavramının artık bir romantik idealin ötesinde, siyasi-askeri bir gerçeklik olduğunu ilan etti.
Türkiye, Türk cumhuriyetlerine sadece gelişmiş silahlar değil, geleceğin askeri paradigmasını da aktarıyor.
2021 Şuşa Deklarasyonu ise Türkiye'nin, Azerbaycan için bir savunma sanayii inşa edilmesi ve teknoloji transferini de içeren kapsamlı bir modernizasyon programını ortaya koyacağını göstermekteydi.
"ZAMANIN RUHU" VE ROBOTİK HARP TEKNOLOJİLERİ
Elbette, Türk cumhuriyetlerinde Sovyet-Rus silah sistemleri ile dolu askeri envanterlerin bir gecede değiştiğini ya da değişeceğini söylemek mümkün değil. Orta Asya güvenlik elitinde Sovyet-Rus stratejik kültürünün etkisi de bir gecede kaybolmayacak. Öte yandan, Türkiye'nin soydaş ülkelere SİHA satışları ciddi bir avantajı beraberinde getiriyor. Doğru bir savunma teknolojileri programı ile yönetilirse, insansız sistemler, "zamanın ruhunu" (zeitgeist) yansıtıyor. Kazakistan'a TUSAŞ yapımı Anka, Türkmenistan ve Azerbaycan'a Baykar tarafından üretilen Bayraktar TB-2 satışları bu nedenle çok önemli. Basına yansıyan haberler, Kırgızistan'ın da Bayraktar TB-2'nin müşterileri arasına girdiğini gösteriyor. Yine Türk Dünyası ile "özel" bağları bulunan ve Türk Konseyinin gözlemci üyesi olan Macaristan'ın da Türkiye'nin bir diğer SİHA çözümü olan Vestel Karayel ile yakından ilgilendiğini, bu alımın yakında gerçekleşmesinin muhtemel olduğunu belirtelim.
Mevcut savunma teknolojileri trendlerinde, SİHA'ların da dahil olduğu robotik harp çözümlerinin dikkat çekici bir yeri var. NATO'nun 2030 vizyonu ile ortaya koyduğu üzere, otonomi ve yapay zeka tabanlı sistemler geleceğin harekat ortamında temel belirleyenler arasında olacak. Yapay zeka ve otonomi ise insansız sistemlerin geleceğindeki en kritik faktörler. Yani Türkiye, Türk cumhuriyetlerine sadece gelişmiş silahlar değil, geleceğin askeri paradigmasını da aktarıyor.
KONUŞULAN SİLAH SİSTEMLERİ
İnsansız sistemler kendilerini satın alan ülkeleri ne yenilmez yapacak sihirli bir değnek ne de küçümsenebilecek bir kabiliyet. SİHA'lar esasen, doğru harekat tasarısıyla kullanıldığında, özellikle elektromanyetik spektrumda zafiyet gösteren ve enformasyon üstünlüğü sağlayamayan düşman birlikleri karşısında çok yıkıcı olabilen silah sistemleri. Yani, Türk robotik harp sistemleri kadar Türk robotik harp konseptleri üzerinde konuşmak gerekiyor.
2. Karabağ Savaşı ile Türkiye'nin SİHA yetenekleriyle ilgili en dikkati çekici hususlardan biri de harp sahasındaki sonuçların ardından sürüklemeye başladığı uluslararası literatür oldu. Örneğin, İsrail hava&füze savunma sistemlerinin mimarlarından olan Dr. Uzi Rubin, BESA Center tarafından yayımlanan raporunda, Karabağ deneyiminin, "harp tarihinde ilk kez insansız sistemlerin öncülük ettiği hava gücünün kazandığı savaş" olduğunu belirtiyor. Rubin, Azerbaycan envanterindeki SİHA'ların, ağ-merkezli harekat hususunda zafiyet gösteren Ermeni hava savunma sistemlerine karşı büyük bir başarı elde ettiğinin altını çiziyor.
Francis Fukuyama Türkiye'nin geliştirdiği SİHA harekat tasarısının, 2020'de Suriye Esed rejimi silahlı kuvvetlerinin İdlib taarruzunu durdurduğunu, Karabağ Savaşı'nda Türk drone yeteneklerinin başarıyla kullanılmasının Ermeni işgal güçlerine 200 kadar ana muharebe tankı ve 180 parça top ve ÇNRA gibi yüksek bir zayiat verdirdiğini vurguluyor. The National Interest tarafından 2021 yılı başında çevrimiçi yayımlanan bir diğer değerlendirme, olası bir Yunanistan-Türkiye savaşında, Yunan zırhlı birliklerinin Türk SİHA'ları karşısında ciddi zorluklarla karşılaşacağının altını çiziyor.
Karabağ Savaşı devam ederken, Ermeni zırhlı platformlarının ağır kayıplar vermesi, SİHA'ların yoğun kullanıldığı harp sahalarında zırhlı araçların geleceğine ilişkin bir tartışma dahi başlamıştı. Birleşik Krallık düşünce kuruluşu Kraliyet Silahlı Kuvvetler Enstitüsü (RUSI) tarafından yayımlanan Dr. Jack Watling imzalı analiz , SİHA'lar "tankların sonu" anlamına gelmese de 21. yüzyıl silahlı çatışmalarında elektronik harp yetenekleri ile korunmayan, durumsal farkındalığı sınırlı, alçak irtifa hava savunma sistemlerinden mahrum zırhlı ve mekanize unsurların giderek daha kırılgan hale geleceğini belirtiyordu.
SİHA GELECEKTE NE GETİRECEK?
SİHA kabiliyetine temkinli yaklaşanlar, söz konusu platformların piyade unsurları ya da mekanize birlikler gibi araziyi doğrudan kontrol etme, bir mıntıkayı işgal edebilme kısıtlılıkları üzerinde duruyorlar. Bir diğer analitik şerh ise, SİHA'ların, elektronik harp yetenekleri gelişmiş bir aktör karşısında ne yapabileceği sorusu etrafında şekillenebilir. Tüm bu kuşkular belirli parametreler çerçevesinde haklılık payı da içeriyor.
Bununla birlikte, Türkiye'nin SİHA kabiliyetinin somut jeopolitik sonuçları da inkar edilemez. Türk insansız sistemleri olmasaydı, Kafkasya'da Azerbaycan'ın on yıllardır işgal altında olan milli topraklarını geri kazanmak, Libya'da Trablus yönetimini Hafter güçlerine yem olmaktan kurtarmak, Bahar Kalkanı Harekatı ile Suriye topraklarına insanlı uçak ve büyük manevra birlikleri sokmadan Suriye Esed rejimi silahlı kuvvetlerine büyük zayiat verdirmek mümkün olmayacaktı.
Türkiye'nin insansız sistemler çözümleri Ankara'ya, Türk soylu ülkelerin savunma ve yüksek teknoloji kapasitelerine ulaşmak için önemli bir anahtar sunuyor. Kırgızistan-Tacikistan sınır çatışmaları gibi parlama noktaları, Ermenistan Silahlı Kuvvetleri içindeki radikal unsurların hem Karabağ'daki yeni statükoya hem de Paşinyan yönetimine düşmanlıkları, ABD'nin çekilmesini müteakip Afganistan kaynaklı tehdit ortamı ve daha birçok bölgesel risk faktörü, Türk SİHA'larının önünde geniş bir faaliyet sahası olduğunu gösteriyor.
Türkiye-Azerbaycan stratejik iş birliğinin, 2010 Antlaşması ile askeri ittifaka, 2021 Şuşa Deklarasyonu ile de savunma entegrasyonuna evrildiği modelin hemen yarın tüm Orta Asya için geçerli olacağını söylemek zor. Öte yandan, "Türk Dünyası askeri jeopolitiği" kavramı da artık romantik bir idealin ötesine geçti ve SİHA satışları burada kritik roller oynayabilir.
[Dr. Can Kasapoğlu EDAM Güvenlik ve Savunma Programı Direktörüdür. Dr. Kasapoğlu, ayrıca ABD merkezli düşünce kuruluşu Jamestown Foundation bünyesinde Avrasya Bölgesi Askeri Meseleleri analisti olarak çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir]