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Yeni iletişim araçlarının ve platformlarının gelişmesiyle birlikte, onları konu alan hukuki düzenlemeler de gelişiyor ve güncelleniyor. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 'nde de medya faaliyetleri yasal denetime ve kurallara uyulmaması halinde de yaptırımlara tabidir. İnternet medyasının ve sosyal ağların yaygınlaşması yeni potansiyeller kadar beraberinde birçok hak ihlallilini ve suistimali de getiriyor. Bunların önüne geçmek için de "Basın Kanunu ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun Teklifi" hazırlandı. Yasanın amacı ise internette hizmet veren platformlara, yayıncılara ve servis sağlayıcılara yükümlülükler getirmek. Bunlardan bazıları, "İnternet haber sitelerinin süreli yayın kapsamına alınması, Erişim Sağlayıcılar Birliği'nin görev ve yetki alanının genişletilmesi, sosyal ağ sağlayıcılarının yükümlülük ve sorumluluklarına ilişkin ek düzenlemeler yapılması" olarak sıralanıyor.
İşte yeni yasanın detayları; İNTERNET HABER SİTELERİNDE ÇALIŞANLAR DA BASIN MENSUBU OLABİLECEK Bu yasaya dek internet merkezli haber sitelerinde çalışan medya emekçileri Basın Kanunu ile gazetecilere tanınan haklardan yararlanamıyordu. Gazetecilere tanınan hak ve imtiyazlardan faydalanmak için sahip olunması gereken Basın Kartı yeni yasayla birlikte şartları karşılayan internet habercilerine, spikerlerine, editörlerine ve yayıncılarına da verilebilecek. ÇOCUK KULLANICILAR KORUNACAK Çocuklara yönelik uygulamalar konusunda "ayrıştırılmış hizmet" sunumunun sağlanması ile çocuk kullanıcıların internet ortamında ve sosyal medya mecralarında yasa dışı, ahlaki değerlere aykırı ve zararlı olabilecek içeriklere maruz kalmasının önüne geçilebilecek. Çocuklar maruz kalmamaları gereken görüntü, ses, yazı vb. içeriklere karşı korunacak. Çocukların, gençlerin ve ailenin, internetin yasa dışı içerikleri hakkında bilinçlendirilmesi ve güvenli kullanımı konusunda bilgilendirilmesi için Erişim Sağlayıcıları Birliği 'ne ilave görevler verilecek.
HABER İÇERİKLERİNE DÜZENLEME Tüm haber siteleri, yayınladıkları içerikleri saklamak zorunda olacak. Böylelikle hukuka aykırı içeriklerin yok edilmesi ve keyfi olarak ortadan kaldırılmasının önüne geçilmiş olacak. HER SİTE İÇİN AYRI KARAR GEREKMEYECEK Bir içerik için verilen kaldırma kararı, içeriğin her site ve platformdan kaldırılması için yeterli olacak. Kişilik hakkının zedelenmesi şikayeti ile mahkemeye başvuru yapıp içeriğin kaldırılması talebinde bulunan ve talebi mahkemece kabul edilen kişiler artık diğer siteler için başvuru yaptığında mevcut karar bu adresler için de uygulanacak. Her site için ayrı karar çıkarılması gerekmeyecek. HABER SİTELERİNE RESMİ İLAN VE REKLAM VERİLEBİLECEK Basın İlan Kurumu Kanununun 45. maddesinden sonra gelmek üzere 45/A maddesi eklenerek, resmi ilan ve reklamların internet haber sitelerinde belirli kurallar çerçevesinde yayınlatılması ve internet haber sitelerinin bu şekilde desteklenmesi öngörülüyor. İNTERNET HABERCİLİĞİNDE KÜNYE ZORUNLU OLACAK Yeni yasa ile künye belirtmeksizin internet haberciliği yapmak mümkün olmayacak. Bir gazete için geçerli kurallar, haber üreten internet siteleri için de geçerli olacak.
SOSYAL MEDYA PLATFORMLARINA BTK'NIN DENETLEMESİ Bu denetleme telefonları ve telekomünikasyon ile ilgili diğer denetlemeleri yapan BTK'ya verilen ek bir görev. Bu görevin kapsamı, iletişimin içeriğinin denetlenmesi değil, platformların kaç kullanıcısının olduğu, iletişim trafiklerinin ne kadar olduğu ve bu konuyla ilgili bilgileri Türkiye'de tutma zorunluluğu gibi konuları içeriyor. SOSYAL MEDYA ŞİRKETLERİNE TÜRKİYE'DE OFİS AÇMA ZORUNLULUĞU Belirli bir kullanıcı sayısı olan sosyal ağ şirketlerinin temsilcilerinin Türk vatandaşı olmamaları ve Türkiye'de ikamet etmemeleri nedeniyle hukuki olarak muhatap bulamama sorunu aşılacak. Yeni düzenleme ile sosyal ağlara Türkiye ofisi açma ve Türkiye temsilcisi bulundurma zorunluluğu getirilecek. Temsilcinin gerçek kişi olması halinde bu kişinin Türkiye'de ikamet etmesi ve Türk vatandaşı olması gerekecek. YALAN HABERİN ÖNÜNE GEÇİLECEK TCK'ya eklenen yeni madde ile 'halkı yanıltıcı bilgiyi alenen yayma' suçu tanımlanıyor. Suçun oluşması için şu 5 şart aranacak: - Yayılan haber gerçek değilse - Ülkenin güvenliği ve kamu sağlığını ilgilendiriyorsa - Halk arasında korku, panik ve endişe oluşturma kastı varsa - Kamu barışını bozmaya yönelik ise - Aleni ise (yani ilgisi olmayan kişilere ulaşabilecekse) Kişilere 1 yıldan 3 yıla kadar hapis cezası verilebilecek. Yasa ile Türkiye'de haber üreten ve yayın yapan internet medyası, sosyal ağ şirketleri, halkı yanıltıcı bilgiyi alenen yayan kuruluşlar ve kişiler faaliyetlerinden sorumlu tutulacak. İnternet kullanıcılarının her türlü suistimalden, ihlalden ve saldırıdan korunması hedefleniyor.
DİĞER ÜLKELERDEKİ DEZENFORMASYONLA MÜCADELE YÖNTEMLERİ TBMM tarafından hazırlanan "Yalan Haber Kavramı: Seçili Ülkelerde Parlamento Çalışmaları ve Yasal Düzenlemeler" başlıklı rapor kamuoyu ile paylaşıldı. Raporda yaklaşık 30 ülkede bir şekilde yalan haberlere yönelik müdahalelerin olduğuna dikkat çekildi. İşte ülke ülke dezenformasyonla mücadele yöntemleri... ABD 2017 yılında sosyal medya ve teknoloji şirketlerinin kişisel veri kullanımı ve bilgi manipülasyonundaki sorumluluğu Senato düzeyinde incelendi ve şirketlere bu konuda yeni kısıtlamalar getirildi. 2019 yılında New York Başsavcılığı'nca açılan davada, sahte hesaplar yoluyla yürütülen sosyal medya faaliyetlerinin yasa dışı olduğuna hükmedildi. Bazı eyaletler, dezenformasyonun yarattığı tehlikenin önüne geçmek amacıyla sosyal medya okuryazarlığı eğitimini okul müfredatına dahil etme kararı aldı. Ayrıca, ABD İç Güvenlik Bakanlığı'na bağlı olarak Dezenformasyon Yönetim Kurulu oluşturuldu. AVUSTRALYA 2014 yılında siber zorbalığa karşı sosyal medya düzenlemelerini yasalaştıran Avustralya'da, çocukların dezenformasyona karşı korunmasını hedefleyen bir yasa tasarısı Ekim 2021 tarihinde hükümet tarafından gündeme alındı. 16 yaşından küçük sosyal medya kullanıcıları için ebeveyn iznini şart koşan yasa, gençler arasında psikolojik sorunlara yol açan dezenformasyonla mücadele etmeyi hedefliyor. Mart 2022'de, İletişim ve Medya Otoristesi (ACMA) kurumu, sosyal medya ve teknoloji şirketlerinden bilgi kirliliği ve dezenformasyonu nasıl ele aldıklarına dair dahili verilerin kuruma teslim edilmesini zorunlu kılan bir karar aldı.
BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK Dezenformasyonla mücadele hedefiyle Ulusal Güvenlik İletişim Birimi kuruldu ve Çevrimiçi Güvenlik Yasası adlı bir düzenleme hazırlanıyor.
İlk taslağı Mart 2021'de kamuoyuna sunulan ve Mart 2022'de uygulanmasına yönelik karar alınan yasa, dezenformasyon yaratan içeriklerin kaldırılmasında sosyal medya platformlarını sorumlu kılıyor ve bu sorumluluğun yerine getirilmemesi durumunda platform yöneticilerine cezai işlem uygulanmasına varan caydırıcı önlemler içeriyor. ALMANYA Almanya'da medya düzeni hakkında, 7 Kasım 2020'de 16 eyalet parlamentosu tarafından onaylanan "Eyaletler Arası Medya Anlaşması" yürürlüğe girdi. Anlaşmada dezenformasyon ve yanlış bilgilendirmeyle mücadeleye yönelik yeni tedbirler getirildi. Medyadan sorumlu resmi kurumlar, yükümlülüklere yeterince riayet edilmediği takdirde, medya kuruluşlarına karşı takibat başlatma yetkisine sahip oldu. Almanya, Sosyal Ağların Düzenlenmesi Kanunu'nun yürürlüğe girişini takip eden 6 ayda Facebook gelen şikayete tabi içeriklerin yüzde 21'ini, YouTube yüzde 27'sini, Google yüzde 46'sını, Twitter ise yüzde 10'unu kaldırmıştır.