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Türkiye , Merkez üssü Kahramanmaraş olan 7,7 ve 7,6 büyüklüğündeki asın çifte depremlerinde adeta sarsıldı. Yaş anan deprem felaketi ile binlerce ev yıkılırken on binlerce vatandaş ise hayatını kaybetti. Yaklaşan İstanbul depremi ile vatandaşlar, kendi konutları için panik yapmaya başladı. Pek çok vatandaş, dayanıklı bina inşa etmenin nasıl olabileceğini, hangi malzemeler kullanılırsa binanın çökmeyeceğini merak ediliyor.
UZMANLAR BİNA YAPIMINDA KULLANILAN 3 YÖNTEMİN ÖNEMİNE DİKKAT ÇEKTİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi İnşaat Fakültesi Öğretim Üyesi Prof. Dr. Hasan Yıldırım , Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay merkezli depremler sonrası, dayanıklı bina yapımında kullanılan "radye temel", "perde kolon" ve "tünel kalıp" sistemlerinin önemine dikkat çekti. Mimar Sinan 'ın deprem teknikleri üzerine çalışmalar yapan Mimarlık Tarihçisi Prof. Dr. Zeynep Ahunbay ise Mimar Sinan yapılarında temellerin sağlam zemine oturmalarını sağlamanın yanında duvarları, sütunları, kubbeleri taş ıyan ayakları, kemerleri birbirine bağlamış ve kubbeleri desteklemek için gerekli payanda, gergi sistemlerinin kullandığını belirtti.
"YENİ BİNALAR YIKILDI " Deprem yerleri incelendiğinde zemin açısından iyi olan tepelik alanlarda bina yıkılmalarının olmadığına dikkati çeken Yıldırım, "Üniversite olarak, ekip olarak gittiğimizde biz de gördük bunu. Ama zemini kötü olan yerler, tarım arazisi, alüvyonal zeminler gibi yerlerde 2000 yılından önceki eski binaların yıkılması normal. Ama yeni binaların da yıkıldığı oldu. " dedi.
"RADYE TEMELSİZ BİNA YAPILMIYOR" Depremlerin çok şey öğrettiğini ifade eden Hasan Yıldırım , depreme dayanıklı bina inşa edilmesi için öncelikle zeminin incelenmesi ve temelinin zemine göre yapılması gerektiğini söyledi. Yeni projelerde, özellikle İzmir 'de, İstanbul 'da eğer zemin kötüyse, radye temelin altına zeminin taş ıyıcılığını artırmak için bir de kazık çaktıklarını kaydeden Yıldırım, "Bunu yapmazsanız bina ne yapsın?" ifadesini kullandı. Yıldırım, zemine göre temel atılmasından sonra kolonların "perde kolon" yöntemiyle yapılmasının önemine vurgu yaparak, geçmişte binaların 30 santimetreye 50 santimetre ya da 30'a 70 santimetre gibi tekil kolonlarla yapıldığını söyledi. Yıldırım, "Radye temelsiz artık bina yapılmıyor günümüzde. Radye temeli yetersizse bir de onun altına kazıklar çakılıyor, sağlam zemine kadar. Sağlam zemin yoksa sürtünme kazıkları çakılıyor. " dedi.
PERDE KOLON SİSTEMİ NASIL KULLANILIYOR? Hasan Yıldırım , "perde kolon" yöntemi hakkında bilgi verdi. Yıldırım, "Perde kolonun ne olduğunu anlayabilmek için şunu aklımıza getirelim. Bir çay kaşığını ince yönünde bükebilirsiniz ama öbür yönünde bükemezsiniz. Biz buna 'rijitlik' diyoruz. Binanın değişik yerlerine tekil olarak direk dedikleri, kolon dedikleri elemanı koymuyoruz, duvarı komple, duvar gibi elemanı, içi demirli betonlu temelden binanın üstüne kadar yükselen 'perde kolon' yapıyoruz. Betonarme perdeler atıyoruz, her yöne karşılık gelecek şekilde. Deprem salınımında perdenin uzun olan yerleri depreme karşı binayı dayanıklı hale getiriyor. Daha rijit hale getiriyor. Bina kutu gibi sallanıyor. Yani tekil kolonlarda dalgalanma olduğunda o kolonlar dalgalanma esnasında birleşim yerlerinden kırılıyor, kopuyor ama 'perde kolon' bir kutu gibi sallandırdığı için bina bir bütün halinde kalabiliyor ." dedi.
TÜNEL KALIP KULLANIMI NASILDIR?
Yıldırım, "tünel kalıp" olarak adlandırılan sisteminin de perde sistemli bir binanın hızlı yapım tekniği olduğunu belirterek, "Yani birbirine benzeyen yüksek binalar var çok sayıda. Siz hazır kalıp kullanıyorsunuz. Bir katı döküyorsunuz, her tarafı perdeli. Sonra bu tünel yukarıya çıkartılıyor, kaydırılıyor ve üst kat dökülüyor. Gevşetiliyor vidalarından, kaydırılıyor, üst kat dökülüyor. Yani tekrardan kalıp çakma işi olmuyor. Sistemi komple perde betonarme bina olarak yapmış oluyorsunuz ." dedi.
3 YÖNTEM TOKİ BİNALARINDA UYGULANDI
Yıldırım, tünel kalıpların, özellikle birbirine benzeyen çok sayıda toplu konutlarda kullanılabildiğini, pahalı olması nedeniyle bunların tek baş ına inşa edilen 2-3 katlı küçük binalarda kullanılmadığını ifade etti. Hasan Yıldırım , son depremlerin olduğu bölgede yıkılmayan TOKİ binalarının da "radye temel", "perde kolon" ve "tünel kalıp" sistemleriyle inşa edildiğinin altını çizerek, "Yıkılmayan TOKİ binalarının çoğunluğu radye temelli ve kayar kalıp sistemli, tünel kalıplı yapıldığı için binanın her tarafında perde olan binalarda herhangi bir sorun olmadı. " diye konuştu.
MİMAR SİNAN YAPILARI NEDEN BU KADAR SAĞLAM?
Milliyet'in haberine göre, deprem sonrası gündeme getirilen konulardan biri de Mimar Sinan 'ın asırlardır dimdik ayakta duran yapılarının sırrı oldu. Mimar Sinan'ın deprem teknikleri üzerine çalışmalar yapan Mimarlık Tarihçisi Prof. Dr. Zeynep Ahunbay ,"Süleymaniye Camii gibi büyük kubbeli ve önemli yapılarda temeller derine inen geniş taş duvarlar şeklindedir. Köprü gibi akarsu üzerinde inşa edilen yapılarda ise ahşap kazıklar üzerine payandalarla desteklenen kargir (yığma yöntemi ile yapılan yapılar) temeller kullanılmıştır. Büyük taş bloklarını depremde yerlerinde kalabilmeleri, birbirine bağlayan kenetlerin sağlamlığına, sütun kaidelerini, başlıklarını altındaki ve üstündeki elemana tutturan zıvanaların varlığına bağlıdır. Mimar Sinan yapılarında temellerin sağlam zemine oturmalarını sağlamak yanında duvarları, sütunları, kubbeleri taşıyan ayakları, kemerleri birbirine bağlamış ve kubbeleri desteklemek için gerekli payanda, gergi sistemlerini kullanmıştır. " dedi.
DAYANIKSIZ BİNALAR NEDEN YAN YATAR?
Farklı şekillerde yıkılan yapılarda zemin özelliklerinin dikkate alınmasının önemini vurgulayan Prof. Dr. Recep İyisan, "Bazı binaların göçmeden yan yatmış olmasının zemin ve temel ilişkisinden kaynaklandığını söyleyebiliriz. Bu tip binalarda bodrum katı olmadığı ve temel gömülme derinliğinin çok az olduğu dikkat çekici. Yan yatmış binalarda bodrum katı olsaydı böyle bir devrilme olmayabilirdi. " dedi.
MİMAR SİNAN TEKNİĞİ GÜNÜMÜZDE KULLANLABİLİR Mİ?
Prof. Dr. Zeynep Ahunbay , "Kargir, yani yığma yapı yapmayı gerektiren bir durum olursa, eski sistemler kullanılabilir ancak günümüz teknikleri daha hızlı ve ekonomik çalışmaya olanak veriyor. Bugün kargir yapı sistemi yerine betonarme, çelik sistemleri yaygın olarak kullanılıyor. Yeni yapım sistemlerinin de güvenli tasarım kuralları, ayrıntıları var. Önemli olan mühendislerin yere, projeye uygun taşıyıcı sistemi seçip projelerini ona göre hazırlayıp uygulamasıdır " diye konuştu.
RADYE TEMEL NEDİR?
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi Prof. Dr. Şevket Ateş, radeye temel hakkında bilgi verdi. Ateş, "Bina tabanını tamamen temel sistemi olarak yapılmasıdır. Kolonlar arasında kirişlerle bağlanarak da yapılması halinde 'kirişli radye temel' olarak isimlendirilir. Temel sistemi seçilirken sondajlı zemin etüt raporuyla binadan temele aktarılan yüklere bağlı kalınır. Depreme dayanıklı yapı için sadece temel sisteminin sağlamlığı yeterli değil, üst yapının da depreme dayanıklı olarak inşa edilmesi ve yönetmeliklere bağlı kalınması da önemli. Ancak zemin de sıvılaşma olması halinde radye temel olması da yeterli değil. Bu durumda çeşitli (jet grout: yüksek basınç altında çimento su karışımının zemine enjeksiyonu ile kolon oluşturularak yapılan bir pekiştirme tekniği) yöntemlerle zemin iyileştirilmesi yapılması gerekiyor." dedi.
SİSMİK İZOLATÖR NEDİR?
1990'lı yıllarda uygulanmaya baş lanan modern izolatör sistemleri Türkiye 'de de köprü ve binalarda kullanıldı. Bina temeli ile kolonlara arasına yerleştirilen bu izolatörler kauçuk esaslı ve sürtünmeli olarak imal ediliyor. Sağlık Bakanlığı hastane binalarında bu iki çeşidi de kullanıyor. Deprem yükünü azaltarak yapıya aktaran izolatörlerle inşa edilen hastane binaları son depremlerde hasar dahi almadı. Bu son depremlerde gerçek performanslarını yakından gördüğümüz sismik izolatörlerin deprem açısından kullanımlarının kaçınılmaz olduğunu gördük. İzolatörler yeni binalarda olduğu gibi eski binalarda da uygulanabiliyor. 1999'daki Gölcük Depremi'nden sonra Atatürk Havalimanı'nında bu sistem sonradan uygulandı. Her bir kolonun altına bir tane olacak şekilde yapıldığından kolon sayısı kadar izolatör yerleştirilebiliyor. Perde duvarlarda ise her bir perde boyuna bağlı olarak en az iki adet uygulanıyor. Maliyeti de binanın yapım maliyetinin yüzde 10 ila yüzde 15'ine ortalama olarak karşılık geliyor. Ancak yumuşak zeminlerde sistemin etkisi azalıyor. Birbirine bitişik binalara ise sonradan eklenemiyor.
TOKİ'DE TÜNEL KALIP SİSTEMİ YÖNTEMİ KULLANILDI
Tünel kalıp sistemler betonarme perde duvar ve döşemelerden oluşuyor. Perde duvarlar yatay deprem kuvvetini karşılar. Betonarme sistemli binalarda ise düşey taş ıyıcı eleman olarak kolon ve perdelerden oluşur. Aralarında ise bölme duvarlar vardır. Depremlerde bu duvarlar yeterli dayanıma sahip olmadıkları için hasar alır. Aksi halde deprem yükünü karşılamada betonarme taşıyıcı sisteme katkı sunarlar. TOKİ tarafından yapılan tünel kalıp sistemlere sahip binalarda denetimler iyi ve beton dayanımları da projede belirtilen değerlerde olduğu için daha başarılı oluyor. Bu denetimler tüm binalarda sağlanması halinde benzer başarılar elde edilir.
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