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Mütefekkir, gazeteci ve yazar
Sadık Albayrak 80'li yılların başında beş cilt halinde yayımladığı
Son Devir Osmanlı Uleması adlı eserini, bu sene dört cilt ilave ile Medrese Yayınları tarafından yeniden yayımlıyor.
İlmiye sınıfının 150 seneye yayılan hikayesini biyografiler üzerinden ele alan eser; belgeler, haritalar ve fotoğraflar eşliğinde büyük bir coğrafyaya yayılan Osmanlı'nın ilim yolunda kat ettiği mesafeyi gözler önüne seriyor.
Birçok uzman tarafından alanında kaleme alınmış "majör bir eser" olarak tanımlanan Osmanlı Uleması, bu ay dokuz cilt halinde okurların ve araştırmacıların ilgisine sunuldu.
Fotoğrafta: Sadık Albayrak ve Mustafa Akar Albayrak ile eserin yazılış hikâyesi, kitap hakkında yapılan tartışmalar ve yeni eklenen dört cilt hakkında keyifli bir söyleşi gerçekleştirdik.
- Son Devir Osmanlı Uleması daha önce beş cilt halinde yayımlanmıştı. Geçtiğimiz ay dört cilt daha ilave ederek Medrese Yayınları etiketiyle yeniden yayınladınız. Öncelikle Osmanlı Uleması'nın yazılış sebebini sizden dinleyerek başlayalım söyleşimize? - Diğer hatırat, röportaj ve belgesellerde de anlattığım gibi kitabın yazılış fikri 70'li yıllarda ortaya çıktı. İstanbul Müftülüğü Şer'i Siciller Arşivi diye bir yer var. Burası
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 'nda Kadılık makamı idi. Ve Kadılığın kazalarla birlikte 27 mahkemesi vardı. Bu mahkemelerde kadıların verdiği hükümlerin defterlerinin 10 bin kadarı bize ulaşmış. Tabii bu defterlerin bir kısmı dağılmış. Sahip çıkan da olmamış. Bir de şunu belirtmek isterim ki, o devirde kadılar bürokrasi gibi bir hastalığa mahkûm değillerdi. Sicil defterlerini cüppelerinin altındaki bir cebe koyarlar, akşam evlerine gitseler bile açıp bakarlardı. Hatta mesai diye bir kavramları da yoktu. Defterlerini yanlarında taşımalarının bir sebebi de buydu. Çünkü akşam ya da yatsı namazından sonra bile kapıları çalınabilir, hüküm istenebilirdi. Mesela bir adam Sivas'ın Hafik kazasından yahut Erzurum'un Tortum'undan çıkmış gelmiş yanında şahitlerle. Diyelim adı da Salih amca olsun. "Yerimi bu arkadaşa satmak istiyorum" diyor ve fetva istiyor. Kadı da adama "tapu senedin var mı" diyor. Ardından şahitlere geliyor sıra. Şahitler de arazinin Salih amcanın olduğuna yemin ediyorlar. Kadı "Kellen sana lazım oldukta bu işe şehadet eder misin" diye soruyor, çünkü şahitliğe göre hüküm verecek. Şimdi defterlerin içerikleri böyle... Bütün sosyal meseleler kaydediliyor. Arşivi özenle tutuluyor.
Gazeteci, yazar, mütefekkir Sadık Albayrak ON BİNİN ÜZERİNDE DOSYAYI OKUDUM - Bu arşivi gördüğünüzde anladığım kadarıyla Osmanlı'nın unutulmuş sosyal hayatını ilmiye sınıfı üzerinden belgelerle günümüz insanına göstermek istediniz. Kitabı yazmaya hangi tarihte başladınız? - 1971'de başladım. Geçtiğimiz günlerde vefat eden Lütfi Doğan hocanın da kitaba başlamamda çok yardımları olmuştur. Bunu, yeni yazdığım ön sözde detaylı anlattım. 71'de başladıktan sonra 78 ve 80'de devam ettim. Vesikalar topladım, fotokopiler çektim, çalışmaları böylece on binin üzerindeki dosyayı okuyarak belgeler üzerinden ilerlettim.
Çalışmama kaynak olan Şer'iyye Defterleri şeriat mahkemeleri kaldırıldığı zaman hükümsüz kaldı. Fakat arşivdeki belgelerin işe yaradığı zamanlar da oldu. Ne yaptılar? Ankara'da Diyanet Teşkilatı kurulduğu zaman kimin hakkında soruşturma yapılacaksa İstanbul'dan belge istiyorlar. Bir de tabii kadılar ve naiplerin görevlerine son verildi ama sonradan bunlar hâkim ve savcı olabiliyor. Yani arşivdeki belgelerin bir kısmı da Adalet Bakanlığı'na geçiyor. Dosya oraya gidiyor yani. Ben yılları aşan çalışmalarım boyunca on bin dosyanın üç binini bulabildim. Yedi bini halen kayıp veyahut başka arşivlerde olabilir; Milli Eğitim'in, Adalet Bakanlığı'nın hatta Diyanet'in arşivlerinde olabilir. Mesela 60 ihtilalinden sonra Ankara'dan falanca adamın dosyasını istiyorlar. Hakkında işlem yapıyorlar. Çünkü nüfus kayıtlarında hakkında bilgi yoksa bu defterlere bakmak zorundalar. 30'lu yıllarda tam anlamıyla bu defterlerden yararlanıyorlardı. Yani geçmişimize ait bu belgeleri sumen altı etmişler, işlerine geleni kullanmışlar sadece. Gerçekler ortaya çıksın diye değil, işlerine öyle geldiği için yapmışlar.
Gazeteci, yazar, mütefekkir Sadık Albayrak - Burada bir anlamda ilmiye sınıfının biyografisi var. Yani sizin ulaşabildiğiniz kadarıyla yüz elli yıla yayılan bir biyografi. Peki bir okur olarak biz bu eseri neden okumalıyız? - Osmanlı devleti nereye kadar uzanıyordu? Yemen, Trablusgarp, Basra... Oradan yukarıya, Anadolu'ya doğru gel. Hatta Balkanlara git istersen; Manastır, Kosova, Yanya, Girit hatta ve benzeri coğrafyalar... Şimdi buralar benim çalışmama sonradan dâhil oldu. Ve böylece Osmanlı Uleması dokuz cilt haline geldi. Mesela gündemin önemli bir meselesi olduğu için altını çizmek isterim. Osmanlı Uleması'nın sekizinci cildinde var, Kudüs-i Şerif. Açıyorsun kitapta o sayfaları Gazze, Hayfa, Halilürrahman... Merkez Kudüs ama bu şehirlerin hepsinde sayısız medrese olduğunu görüyorsun. Oralara ilmiye sınıfından isimler ne zaman ve nereden tayin edilmiş, kaç kuruş maaş alıyor. Bu bilgilerin hepsinin detayı var. Peki bu bilgiler günümüzde ne işe yarayacak? Mesela Kudüs'te Selahattin Eyyubi Külliyesi kuruldu. Enver Paşa açılışına gitti. Şimdi o bina nerede? Benim
Son Devir Osmanlı Uleması 'ndaki belgelere bakarak orada yasal bir hak iddia etmem lazım. Hem belge var hem de arşivdeki numarası var. Biz her ne kadar bugün dar bir alana sıkışsak da geçmişten gördüğümüz kadarıyla bu toprakları vatan telakki etmeliyiz. Yani daha yüz sene öncesi. 1914'te medreselerin ıslahı ile bu bölgelerdeki defterler toplandı. Kim geçmişini merak ediyorsa gidip bakar.
Gazeteci, yazar, mütefekkir Sadık Albayrak'ın 'Son Devir Osmanlı Uleması' isimli eseri Mesela İdlib, şu anda Suriye'de. Erbil diyorum mesela aklıma hemen Erbilli Esat Efendi geliyor. Bunların nereden geldiği, kim olduğu burada kayıtlı. Yurtdışında kalan bizim mirasımız olan yerleri bu kodlarla ihya edebiliriz. İşte Yunus Emre Enstitüsü, Maarif Vakfı, Yurtdışı Türkler gibi kurumlar da bu eserden böyle faydalanabilirler.
Gazeteci, yazar, mütefekkir Sadık Albayrak HUDUTLARIMIZDAN GENİŞ DÜŞÜNMELİYİZ - Kitap 1981'de beş cilt olarak yayınlanmıştı. Daha sonra Cumhurbaşkanımız Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ın İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı olmasının ardından Kültür AŞ. eseri yeniden yayınlamıştı. Bu arşivlik eseri yeniden ve daha geniş bir şekilde yayınlamanızın amacı nedir? - Osmanlı'nın ardından hem Balkanlar'da hem de Arap coğrafyasında köylerin ve şehirlerin bile adları değişti biliyorsun. Mesela belgelerde Rize adını bulamazsın, Lazistan diye geçer oralar. Orada Atina diye bir yer var, olmuş Pazar. Şimdi kitaba bakarak orada kaç medrese vardı ne oldu, bulabilirsin. Bu anlamda Diyanet'i yakından ilgilendiriyor. Çünkü bakalım medreselerin olduğu binaların yerlerinde bugün neler var. Bir kültür projesi olarak gayrimüslimler bazilikalarını, dini yapılarını falan ikonalara bakarak nasıl koruyorlarsa sen de bugün medreseleri -eski eğitim kurumları olduğu için- bulup müze haline getirmen icap eder.
Tabii bunu sadece şu anda Türkiye hudutları içindeki yerleşim yerlerini baz alarak değil, daha geniş bir anlamda düşünmemiz lazım. Abdülhamit devri ve sonrasındaki coğrafyanın da bu kitapta yer alması demek yüz, yüz elli senelik kaybolan belleğin yeniden bulunması demektir. O anlamda Son Devir Osmanlı Uleması öncü bir eserdir.
Necip Fazıl Kısakürek ÜSTAD TUTTUĞUNU KOPARAN BİRİYDİ - Necip Fazıl'ın yol arkadaşlarından biri olduğunuzu biliyorum. Hatta onunla birlikte İstanbul Toplu Basın Mahkemesi'nde yargılandınız. Biraz üstattan bahseder misiniz? - Bizim gibi Anadolu'dan gelen gençlere heyecan veriyordu. O yıllarda sadece üstadı değil, Nurettin Topçu'yu da takip ettim, Osman Yüksel Serdengeçti'yi mesela, Mehmet Kaplan'ın bir konuşması olsa kaçırmazdım. Bir anım var Mehmet Kaplan'la ilgili. Şehremini'de kız mektebi var sonra Öğretmen Okulu oldu. Orada Kaplan'ın konferansına gittik. Konuşmasının ardından üstatla dinlenme odasına girdik. Necip Fazıl dedi ki Mehmet Kaplan'a "Mehmet, Mehmet şahane konuştun ama cehaletine hayranım." Üstat ilhamını hep tasavvuftan aldı. Tuttuğunu koparan biriydi. Çok cesurdu. Pratik bir zekâsı vardı.