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Ramazan ayının başlamasıyla birlikte oruç ibadeti de yerine getiriliyor. Bazı kişilere oruç tutmak farz değildir, peki bu kişiler kimlerdir? Oruç tutamayan kişilerin ne yapması gerekir? 2020 yılı fitresi nasıl hesaplanır, fitre neden verilir? Fidye nedir fitre ile aynı anlama mı geliyor? Soruları Müslüman aleminin kafasını karıştırıyor ve internet üzerinden sıkça araştırmalarına neden oluyor. İşte 2020 Ramazan fitresi konusuna ilişkin tüm bilgiler…
2020 FİTRE HESAPLAMASI NASIL YAPILIR? Diyanetin belirlediği fiyat: A 2020 Fitre miktarı hesaplama: A x 1 2020 Fidye miktarı hesaplama: A x (Oruç tutulamayan gün sayısı) Yani bir müslümanın 2020 için ödeyeceği fitre miktarı 27 liradır. Bu rakam kimse için değişmiyor. Fidye miktarı ise örneğin 30 gün tutamamışsa 27 TL x 30: 810 TL'dir. FİTRE NEDİR? Halk arasında fitre diye bilinen fıtır sadakası (sadaka-i fıtır); insan olarak yaratılmanın ve Ramazan orucunu tutup bayrama ulaşmanın bir şükrü olarak; dinen zengin olup Ramazan ayının sonuna yetişen müslümanın, belirli kimselere vermesi vacip olan bir sadakadır (Nevevî, el-Mecmû', VI, 103-105). Vacip oluşu, sünnetle sabittir (Buhârî, Zekât, 70-78; Müslim, Zekât, 12-16; Ebû Dâvûd, Zekât, 18; İbn Mâce, Zekât, 21). Kişi, kendisinin ve küçük çocuklarının fitrelerini vermekle yükümlüdür. Hz. Peygamber, köle-hür, büyük-küçük, kadın-erkek her müslümana fitrenin gerektiğini ifade etmiştir (Ebû Dâvûd, Zekât, 20). Fıtır sadakasının vacip olma zamanı Ramazan bayramının birinci günü olmakla birlikte, bayramdan önce de verilebilir. Hatta bu daha faziletlidir. Bununla birlikte, bayram günü veya daha sonra da verilebilir. Ancak, bayram namazından önce verilmesi müstehap kabul edilmiştir. Şâfiî mezhebinde ise; fitreyi, meşru bir mazeret bulunmadıkça bayramın birinci gününün gün batımından sonraya bırakmak haramdır. Fitreyi Ramazan'ın ilk günlerinde vermek de caizdir (Nevevî, el-Mecmû', VI, 128). Fitrenin hedefi, bir fakirin içinde yaşadığı toplumun hayat standardına göre bir günlük yiyeceğinin karşılanması, böylece bayram sevincine iştirak etmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Günümüzde fıtır sadakası miktarının belirlenmesinde, kişinin bir günlük (iki öğün) normal gıda ihtiyacını karşılayacak miktarın ölçü alınması daha uygundur. Kişi dinen zengin sayılanlara, usûlüne (anne, baba, dedeler ve nineler), fürûuna (çocuk ve torunlar) ve eşine fıtır sadakası veremez. Fitreler bir fakire verilebileceği gibi, birkaç fakire de dağıtılabilir. (Merğînânî, el-Hidâye, II, 224). Ancak bir kişiye verilen miktar bir fitreden az olmamalıdır.
FİDYE NEDİR? Fidye, bir kimseyi bulunduğu sıkıntılı durumdan kurtarmak için ödenen bedel demektir. Dinî bir terim olarak ise, oruç ibadetinin eda edilememesi sebebiyle veya hac ibadetinin edası sırasında işlenen birtakım kusurların giderilmesi için ödenen maddi bedeli ifade eder. Kur'an-ı Kerim'de, "Oruç tutmaya güç yetiremeyenler, bir yoksul doyumu fidye öder." (Bakara, 2/184) buyrulmaktadır. Buna göre ihtiyarlık ve şifa ümidi olmayan bir hastalık sebebiyle oruç tutamayan kimse, daha sonra bu oruçları kaza etme imkânı bulamazsa, her gününe karşılık bir fidye öder (Serahsî, el-Mebsût, III, 100; İbn Kudâme, el-Muğnî, IV, 395-397). Öte yandan Şâfiîlere göre Ramazan ayının kaza borcu herhangi bir mazeret olmaksızın yerine getirilmeden, öteki Ramazan gelecek olursa, kaza borcuna ilaveten bir de fidye ödeme yükümlülüğü ortaya çıkar (Nevevî, el-Mecmû', VI, 364; Şirbînî, Muğni'l-muhtâc, I, 645). Şâfiî mezhebinde fidye ödeme yükümlüğünün ortaya çıktığı bir diğer mesele de gebe ve emzikli kadınlarla ilgilidir. Emzirme ve hamilelik sebebiyle çocuğunun sağlığı hakkında endişe duyan annelerin, oruç tutamadıkları günleri hem kaza etmeleri hem de fidye vermeleri gerekir. Fakat çocuk hakkında değil de kendileri hakkında endişe ederlerse o zaman sadece kaza gerekir (Nevevî, el-Mecmû', VI, 267). Hac ve umre ile ilgili görevler yerine getirilirken meydana gelen bazı eksiklikler için uygulanması gereken maddi yaptırım da fidye kapsamına girer (Bakara, 2/196). Bir fidye, bir kişiyi bir gün doyuracak yiyecek miktarı veya bunun ücretidir. Bu da "sadaka-i fıtır" ile aynı miktarı ifade eder. Bu, fidyenin asgari ölçüsüdür. İmkânı olanların daha fazla vermesi daha iyidir (Bakara, 2/184; Merğînânî, el-Hidâye, II, 270).
ORUÇ KİMLERE FARZ DEĞİLDİR? İslam dini, ilke olarak kişileri güçleri nispetinde sorumlu tutmuş, güçlerini aşan veya sıkıntıya yol açan durumlarda kolaylaştırıcı hükümler getirmiştir. Bu genel ilke uyarınca farz olan Ramazan orucu ibadetini belli şartlara bağlı olarak erteleme konusunda bazı ruhsatlar getirilmiştir. Kur'an-ı Kerim'de şöyle buyrulmuştur: "Ey inananlar! Oruç sizden öncekilere farz kılındığı gibi, Allah'a karşı gelmekten sakınasınız diye, size de sayılı günlerde farz kılındı. İçinizden hasta olan veya yolculukta bulunan, tutamadığı günler sayısınca diğer günlerde tutar. Oruca dayanamayanlar, bir düşkünü doyuracak kadar fidye verir. Kim gönülden iyilik yaparsa, o iyilik kendisinedir. Eğer bilirseniz, oruç tutmanız sizin için daha iyidir." (Bakara, 2/183-184) İslam âlimleri bu ayet-i kerime ve ilgili hadislere dayanarak Ramazan orucunu tutmamayı mubah kılan mazeretleri şöylece sıralamışlardır: a) Yolculuk: Ramazan'da sefer mesafesi (en az doksan km.) bir yere gitmek için yola çıkacak olan kimse, geceden oruca niyet etmeyebilir. Fakat niyet ettikten sonra gündüzün yolculuğa çıksa bu yolculuk esnasında meşru başka bir mazereti bulunmazsa orucunu bozmamalıdır. Başlanan bir ibadetin mazeret yoksa tamamlanması gerekir. Sefer bir mazeret olduğu için, eğer orucunu seferîliği başladıktan sonra bozarsa kendisine keffâret gerekmez, sadece kaza gerekir (İbn Âbidîn, Reddü'l-muhtâr, III, 402-405). b) Hastalık: Oruç tuttuğu zaman, hastalığının artmasından veya uzamasından endişe edilen kimse ile hastalığı sebebiyle oruç tutmakta zorlanan kişiler için, iyileştikten sonra kaza etmek üzere Ramazan ayında oruç tutmamalarına ruhsat tanınmıştır. Oruç tutması hâlinde hasta olacağı doktor tarafından bildirilen kimse de hasta hükmündedir. c) Yaşlılık: Oruç tutamayacak kadar yaşlı olan kimseler, oruç tutmayıp yerine fidye verebilirler. Bakara sûresinin 184. âyetinde, bu şekilde olup da oruca güç yetiremeyenlerin, oruç tutmayıp fidye vermeleri gerektiği hükme bağlanmıştır. İyileşme umudu olmayan hastalar da aynı hükme tabidir. d) İleri derecede açlık, susuzluk: Açlık veya susuzluk sebebi ile beden ve ruh sağlığının ciddi derecede zarar görmesi söz konusu olan kimse orucunu bozabilir. Sağlık şartları düzelmesi hâlinde bozulan oruç Ramazan'dan sonra kaza edilir. Böyle bir kimsenin orucuna devam etmesi ölümüne sebep olacak nitelikte ise, orucunu açmaması yani oruca devam etmesi haram olur.
e) Zor ve meşakkatli işlerde çalışmak: Esas itibarıyla bir insanın ibadetlerini normal bir şekilde yapmasını engelleyecek zor ve ağır işlerde çalışması veya çalıştırılması doğru değildir. Ancak kişisel veya toplumsal zorunluluklar, bazılarının böyle işlerde çalışmalarını gerektirebilmektedir. Böyle durumda bulunan bir kişi, oruç tuttuğu takdirde sağlığına bir zarar gelmesinden korkuyorsa, orucunu tutmayabilir. Bu durumda olanlar, izin günlerinde veya müsait zamanlarda tutamadıkları oruçlarını kaza etmelidirler. f) Gebe ve emzikli olmak: Oruç tuttuğu takdirde kendisinin veya çocuğunun zarar görmesi muhtemel olan gebe veya emzikli kadınlar da, sağlık durumu oruç tutmak için elverişli olmayanlar arasında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu durumda olanlar da oruç tutmayabilirler. Hatta zarar görme ihtimali kuvvetli ise tutmamaları gerekir. Durumları normale döndüğünde tutamadıkları oruçları kazâ ederler (Sahnûn, el-Müdevvene, I, 278-279; Şîrâzî, el-Mühezzeb, I, 328; İbn Kudâme, el-Kâfî, I, 433-434; Kâsânî, Bedâî', II, 97). Fakihler oruç tutmama ruhsatını Kur'an ve Sünnet'te zikredilen sebeplerle sınırlı tutmayı tercih etmiş, bunların ortak özelliği meşakkat olsa bile, her meşakkatli durumda oruç tutulmayabileceğini söylemekte temkinli davranmışlardır (İbn Kudâme, el-Kâfî, I, 433-436). Ruhsata gerekçe olan hâl ortadan kalkınca tutulamayan oruçlar kaza edilir. İyileşmesi mümkün olmayacak şekilde hasta olmak, ya da aşırı yaşlı bulunmak gibi oruç tutmaya sürekli bir engelin bulunması hâlinde tutulamayan her oruç için bir fidye verilir. Bir oruç fidyesi bir fıtır sadakası miktarıdır. Bir fıtır sadakası ise, bir kimseyi orta hâllisi ile bir gün doyurabilecek yiyecek miktarı veya bunun parasal karşılığıdır.