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Kanser nasıl anlaşılır? En korkulan ve sonuçları en ağır olan hastalıklar arasında yer alan kanserin tedavisi merak ediliyor. Yakın tarihte Neslican Tay gibi genç bir insanın aramızdan ayrılması sonrasında dikkatleri üzerine çekiyor. Uzmanlar kanser hakkında bilgi vermeyi sürdürüyor. Vatandaşlar hastalık hakkında araştırma yapmaya başladı. İşte Kanser nasıl anlaşılır ?
DETAYLAR İÇİN BİR SONRAKİ SAYFAYA GEÇİNİZ
Vücudunuzdaki değişiklikleri gözlemleyin
Son verilere göre dünyada her yıl 15 milyon yeni kanser tanısı konulmakta ve bu tanıyı alan kişilerin neredeyse yarısından çoğu hayatını kaybetmektedir. Etkin ve kolay uygulanabilen tarama yaklaşımları ile aslında çoğu kanser türü erken evrelerde yakalanabilmekte ve tedavi sağlanabilmektedir. Bunun için öncelikle kişinin kendi vücudunu iyi tanıması ve vücudunda meydana gelen değişikliklere kulak vermesi gerekir. Önemsenmeyen bir durum aslında bir kanser hastalığının belirti olabilmektedir.
Normal hücreler nasıl tümör hücresine dönüşüyor?
Normal bir hücre genetik hasar nedeniyle çok aşamalı bir süreç sonrasında tümör hücresine dönüşebilmektedir. Bu genetik hasar; kalıtsal ya da genler ve çevresel faktörler arasındaki yaşam boyu etkileşim sonucu oluşmaktadır. Kanser oluşumuna yol açan faktörlere karsinojen denilir. Güneş ışığındaki ultraviyole ve iyonize radyasyon fiziksel karsinojenlerdir. Sigarada bulunan maddeler, asbest, aflatoksin, arsenik kimyasal karsinojenlerdir. Hepatit B ve C virüsleri, human papilloma virüsü ve bazı bakteriler de biyolojik karsinojenlerdir. Tüm bu karsinojenler normal hücrelerde hasara yol açabilmektedir.
Her bir belirti bir kanser türünü işaret edebilir
Kanser hastalığında vücudun verdiği sinyalleri önemsemek gerekir. Meme kanseri için meme ya da koltuk altında ele gelen kitle ya da sertlikler, meme ucunda kaşıntı ya da döküntülü yaralar, ağrı, meme derisinde çekinti, meme ucunda akıntı; akciğer kanseri içinse geçmeyen öksürük, nefes darlığı, tekrarlayan akciğer enfeksiyonları, kilo kaybı, boyunda ve yüzde şişlik, iştahsızlık veya kilo kaybı, yorgunluk önemsenmesi gereken belirtilerdir.
Dünyada her yıl yaklaşık 800 bin kişinin hayatını kaybetme nedeni olan mide kanseri ise başlangıçta hazımsızlık, şişkinlik ve özellikle etli gıdalara karşı isteksizlik gibi önemli belirtiler verebilmektedir. Bu belirtilere zamanla karın ağrısı, bulantı, kusma eşlik edebilmektedir. İshal, kabızlık, bağırsakta tam boşalmama hissi, dışkıda kan görülmesi, normalde olduğundan daha ince dışkılama, karında gaz, şişkinlik hissi, krampların olması, istemsiz kilo kaybı, uzun süren yorgunluk hissi, bulantı, kusma ise kalın bağırsak kanserinin en önemli işaretleridir.
Kanser tarama programlarına önem verin
Var olan istatistikler en çok akciğer, meme ve kalın bağırsak kanserleri için tanı konulduğunu, hayati kayıpların ise en çok akciğer, karaciğer ve mide kanserlerinden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Kanser türlerinin görülme sıklığı ve buna bağlı ölümler maalesef günden güne artış göstermektedir. Kanserin erken evrede teşhis edilmesi ve doğru bir tedavinin uygulanabilmesi için kanser tarama testlerine önem verilmesi gerekmektedir. Kişinin herhangi bir şikayeti olmasa bile belli yaşlarda kanser tarama testleri ile kendini koruma altına alması gerekir.
Kronik enfeksiyonlar kanser riskine yol açabiliir
Kronik enfeksiyonlar kanser gelişimine yol açabilmektedir. Araştırmalar dünyada tüm kanserlerin 5'te birinin kronik enfeksiyon kaynaklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Human papilloma virüsü rahim ağzı kanserine, hepatit B virüsü karaciğer kanserine neden olabilmektedir. Günümüzde yaklaşık olarak 400 milyon Hepatit B virüsü taşıyıcı olduğu bilinmektedir. AIDS hastalığı olan kişilerde birçok kanser türü de daha fazla görülmektedir.
Sağlıksız beslenme ve aşırı kilolar kansere zemin hazırlıyor
Aşırı kilolar başta meme kanseri olmak üzere; kalın bağırsak, rahim, yemek borusu, böbrek, pankreas, prostat ve yumurtalık kanseri ile çok yakın ilişkilidir. Kilo vermek ile kanser riski belirgin olarak azalmaktadır. Kanser riskini artıran gıdalara da dikkat etmek gerekir. Öncelikle kısa zamanda yüksek ateşte pişirme yöntemlerini kullanmamak ve sucuk, salam, sosis gibi işlenmiş et ürünlerinden uzak durmak gerekir. Kanserden korunmak için şeker ve yağ tüketimini sınırlamak ve günde 2-3 gramdan fazla tuz tüketmemek önemlidir. İşlenmiş tahıl ürünleri yerine; tam buğday, tam çavdar, tam yulaf tercih edilmelidir.
Renkli beslenin kanserden korunun
Kanserle savaşan besin ögeleri içeren gıdaları tüketmek gerekir. Ispanak, karalahana, brokoli, pazı, marul gibi koyu yeşil; domates, pancar, nar gibi koyu kırmızı; havuç, bal kabağı, kayısı gibi koyu sarı-turuncu; kırmızı lahana, patlıcan gibi mavi-mor; sarımsak, soğan gibi beyaz sebzeler meyveler ile beslenilmeli yani sofralar renkli olmalıdır. Bakla, kuru fasulye, nohut, börülce, mercimek gibi bitkisel proteinlere de sofralarda sık sık yer vermek gereklidir.
Kanser Nedir?
Kelime anlamı olarak kanser , bir organ veya dokudaki hücrelerin düzensiz olarak bölünüp çoğalmasıyla beliren kötü urlara denir. Genel anlamda ise kanser vücudumuzun çeşitli bölgelerindeki hücrelerin kontrolsüz çoğalması ile oluşan 100'den fazla hastalık grubudur. Çok çeşitli kanser tipleri olmasına rağmen, hepsi anormal hücrelerin kontrol dışı çoğalması ile başlar. Tedavi edilmez ise ciddi rahatsızlıklara, hatta ölüme dahi neden olabilir.
Kanser (cancer) terimi, tıbbın babası olarak bilinen Yunan fizikçi Hippocrates (MÖ 460-370) tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Hippocrates carcinos ve carcinoma terimlerini ülser oluşturan ve ülser oluşturmayan tümörler için kullanmıştır.
Normal Bir Hücre Nasıl Kansere Dönüşür?
Bütün kanser tipleri vücudun temel yaşam ünitesi olan hücrelerimizden gelişirler. Kanseri anlamak için normal hücrelerin nasıl kansere dönüştüğünü bilmek faydalı olacaktır.
Vücudumuzdaki sağlıklı hücreler bölünebilme yeteneğine sahiptirler. Ancak, kas ve sinir hücrelerinde bu özellik bulunmaz. Ölen hücrelerin yenilenmesi ve yaralanan dokuların onarılması amacıyla bu yeteneklerini kullanırlar. Yaşamın ilk yıllarında hücreler daha hızlı bölünürken, erişkin yaşlarda bu hız yavaşlar. Fakat hücrelerin bu yetenekleri sınırlıdır, sonsuz bölünemezler. Her hücrenin hayatı boyunca belli bir bölünebilme sayısı vardır. Sağlıklı bir ne kadar bölüneceğini bilir ve gerektiğinde ölmesini de bilir. Buna apoptosis yani hücrenin programlı ölümü denir. Normalde vücudun sağlıklı ve düzgün çalışması için hücrelerin büyümesi, bölünmesi ve daha çok hücre üretmesine gereksinim vardır. Bazen buna rağmen süreç doğru yoldan sapar, yeni hücrelere gerek olmadan hücreler bölünmeye devam eder. Bilincini kaybetmiş kanser hücreleri, kontrolsüz bölünmeye başlar ve çoğalırlar. Fazla hücrelerin kütleleri bir büyüklük veya tümör oluştururlar.
Hücrelerin merkezinde çekirdek içinde hücrenin ve organizmanın genetik bilgisinin saklandığı elektron mikroskopu ile de görüntülenebilen DNA olarak adlandırılan mikroskopik iplikçikler mevcuttur. DNA hücrenin normal fonksiyonlarını görmesi için gereklidir. Kanserli hücreler bu DNA iplikçiğindeki hasardan dolayı oluşur. Hücrenin normal yaşam siklusunda DNA hasarı olsa da hücre ya bunu onarır ya da ölür. Kanserli hücrelerde hasarlanmış DNA onarılamaz ve kontrolsüz çoğalma başlar. DNA çevresel etkenler (kimyasallar, virüsler, tütün ürünleri veya aşırı güneş ışını vs gibi) nedeniyle hasar görebilir.
Kanser hücreleri birikerek tümörleri oluştururlar. Tümörler iyi huylu veya kötü huylu olabilirler. İyi huylu tümörler kanser değildir. Bunlar sıklıkla alınırlar ve çoğu zaman tekrarlamazlar. İyi huylu tümörlerdeki hücreler vücudun diğer taraflarına yayılmazlar. En önemlisi iyi huylu tümörler nadiren hayatı tehdit ederler. Kötü huylu tümörler kanserdir. Kötü huylu tümörlerdeki hücreler anormaldirler ve kontrolsüz ve düzensiz bölünürler. Bu tümörler normal dokuları sıkıştırabilirler, içine sızabilirler ya da tahrip edebilirler. Eğer kanser hücreleri oluştukları tümörden ayrılırsa, kan ya da lenf dolaşımı aracılığı ile vücudun diğer bölgelerine gidebilirler. Gittikleri yerlerde tümör kolonileri oluşturur ve büyümeye devam ederler. Kanserin bu şekilde vücudun diğer bölgelerine yayılması olayına metastaz adı verilir