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Dünyanın en iyi kanser araştırma ve tedavi merkezleri arasında ilk sırada yer alan ve son 15 yıldır her yıl en iyi merkez seçilen, ABD'de kanser konusunda en çok klinik denemelerin yapıldığı Teksas Üniversitesi MD Anderson Kanser Merkezi Deneysel İlaç lar ve Kanser Tıbbı bölümünde 26 yıldır görev yapan Türk doktor Prof. Dr. Bülent Özpolat ve ekibi, ileri evre dirençli meme kanserlerine çare olacak ilaç geliştirme projesinin klinik öncesi son aşaması için yaptıkları başvuruda, onlarca araştırma arasından sıyrılarak 2.1 milyon dolarlık fon almayı başardı. Amerikan Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüsü NIH (National Institute of Health) ve Ulusal Kanser Enstitüsü NCI (National Cancer Institute) tarafından sağlanan bu fon sayesinde Prof. Dr. Özpolat ve ekibinin geliştirdiği ilaç, hayvan deneylerinin ardından birkaç yıl içinde hastalarda test edilmeye başlanacak. Sonuçlar beklendiği gibi olursa, klinik denemelere geçilecek ve Türk bilim insanlarının imzası ile milyonlarca meme kanseri hastasının hayatı kurtulacak. Prof. Dr. Özpolat, ekibiyle birlikte yürüttükleri araştırmanın detaylarını DHA'ya anlattı.
"NOBEL ÖDÜLLÜ DR. ALLISON DA ARAŞTIRMALARINI BU LABORATUVARDA SÜRDÜRÜYOR MD Anderson Kanser Merkezi, kanser tedavisinde çığır açan ve bağışıklık sistemini harekete geçirerek vücudun kanser hücreleriyle savaşmasını hedefleyen "immunoterapi"yi geliştiren laboratuvara ev sahipliği yapmasıyla biliniyor. 1200 bağımsız laboratuvarın gece gündüz kansere çare aradığı merkezde kendi laboratuvarında çoğunlukla Türk meslektaşlarını ağırlayan Prof. Dr. Özpolat, "Amerika'nın bu alandaki belki de en büyük Türk laboratuvarı da bizimki. Son yıllarda kanser terapilerinde çokça öne çıkan ve bizim de üzerinde çalıştığımız immünoterapi sayesinde hastalarda iyi sonuçlar almayı başaran Nobel ödüllü Dr. Jim Allison da araştırmalarını halen burada yürütüyor. " dedi.
"KÖTÜ GENLERİ VURACAK NANOTEKNOLOJİK YÖNTEMLER GELİŞTİRDİK" Özellikle 2000'li yıllarda insan gen haritasının ortaya çıkması ile birlikte gen terapisi üzerine yoğunlaştıklarını anlatan Prof. Dr. Özpolat, sözlerini şöyle sürdürdü:
"Biz, kanserde gen susturma terapisi üzerine çalışıyoruz. Bunun için binlerce hastanın tümörlerini inceledik, bunların gen profillerine bakıp kötü genleri belirlemeye çalıştık. Hastalarda özellikle ömrü kısaltan genlerden bahsediyoruz. Bazı genlerin aktivasyonu nedeniyle hastalar aynı ilaçları alsalar dahi, kimi hasta 5 ya da 10 yıl daha fazla yaşarken, kimisi tam tersine, daha az yaşıyor. Bu genler aynı zamanda kanser hücrelerinin daha hızlı büyümesine, yayılmasına ve kemoterapiye ya da radyoterapiye direnç göstermesine de neden oluyor. Özellikle meme kanserinde binlerce hastanın genetik profillerini inceledik ve birkaçını belirleyerek 10 yıl önce bunlara odaklanıp ilaç çalışmalarına başladık. 1.6 milyon dolar fon kazanarak yürüttüğümüz bu araştırmalarda ilk başta bu genlerin kanser hücrelerinde ne işe yaradığını anlamaya yoğunlaştık."
"UMUT VAAT ETTİĞİ İÇİN BU FON VERİLİYOR" Daha sonra hayvan deneylerinde bu genleri susturarak tedavinin etkinliğini artırıp artıramayacaklarına baktıklarını anlatan Prof. Dr. Özpolat, "Bunun için de nanoteknolojik moleküller kullandık. Çünkü bu gen susturucu ilaçların, kandaki ömürleri çok uzun değildi. Çok çabuk degradasyona (bozunmaya) uğruyorlardı. Bu nedenle ayrıca bazı nanoteknolojik yöntemler geliştirdik. Bu şekilde ilaçlara nanoteknolojik etkili moleküller ekleyerek tümör hücrelerine girebilecek şekilde düzenledik. Üstelik bazı hayvan deneylerimizde bu yöntemin hiçbir yan etkisinin de olmadığını gözlemledik. Bu nedenle de çalışmamıza pre-klinik denemeler için FDA izni çıktı. Sonra fon için NIH ve NCI'ya başvurduk. Geçtiğimiz haftalarda da başvurumuzun fon kazandığını öğrendik. Umut vaat eden bir araştırma olduğu için de devamını yapabilmek için tekrar fon kazanmayı başardık" dedi.
HEDEF 5 YIL İÇİNDE KLİNİK ÖNCESİ AŞAMAYI TAMAMLAMAK Prof. Dr. Özpolat, şimdi bu ilaç ların laboratuvar ortamında bazı hayvan türleri ile deneysel tedavi olarak son dönem hastalarda da test edilmesi gerektiğini anlatarak "Daha sonraki aşamalar için gerekli fonu da alabilirsek 5 yıl içerisinde, ilacı klinik olarak kullanıma hazır hale getirebilmek için çalışacağız. Bunun için de ilacın laboratuvarda değişik hayvanlarda toksisite etkisine bakmamız gerekiyor. Bu şekilde hem uygun ilaç dozunu belirleyeceğiz hem de toksisiteye yol açıp açmadığını bulacağız. Ardından da hasta denemeleri başlayacak. Bu çerçevede de özellikle geç dönem meme kanseri vakaları içerisinde, başka tedavi yöntemleri denenmiş fakat bunlara direnç geliştirmiş, artık yapılacak hiçbir şey kalmamış vakalar seçilecek. Yani ilk olarak terminal dönem dediğimiz dirençli vakalar üzerinde deneyeceğiz. Daha sonra da Amerikan Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi FDA'e başvuru yapacağız. Bize verilen bu fonun amacı bu çalışmalarımızı ilaca dönüştürmek" diye konuştu.
AKCİĞER KANSERİNDE DE KÖTÜ GENİ SUSTURACAKLAR Prof. Dr. Bülent Özpolat , gen hedefli tedavi yöntemlerini akciğer kanser i için de araştırdıklarını anlatarak geçen yıl da bu alandaki çalışması için 1,5 milyon dolarlık fon aldıklarını vurguladı. Bu araştırmanın detaylarını ise şöyle özetledi: "İnsan genomunda yaklaşık 20 bin tane protein kodlayan gen var. Aslında son 15 yıldır bunlar üzerine yoğunlaşmıştı bilim dünyası. Protein kodlayan genlerin sayısının aslında düşündüğümüzün çok daha altında olduğu ortaya çıktı. İnsan genomunun yüzde1,5-2'sini oluşturuyor, bunu keşfettik. Biz, son zamanlarda protein kodlamayan genler yani mRNA ya da non-coding RNA dediğimiz genler üzerine de yoğunlaştık. Çünkü bu protein kodlamayan genlerin hem tümör baskılayıcı olabileceğini, hem de kanserojen etkisi olabileceğini gösterdik. Akciğer kanseri için ise kanserojen etki yaratabilecek olan bir mRNA'yı belirledik ve hedef olarak seçtik. Geçen yıl yine NIH ve NCI'dan 1,5 milyon dolarlık bir fon kazandık bu araştırmamızı yapabilmek için. Böylece belirlediğimiz o mRNA'yı susturarak tümörü geriletmeyi ve hastanın yaşam süresini uzatmayı hedefliyoruz."
"BİZİM İLACIMIZ ÇOK DAHA UCUZ OLACAK" Bir ilacın kliniğe taşınmasının çok uzun yıllar aldığına işaret eden Prof. Dr. Özpolat, şöyle devam etti:
"FDA tarafından onaylanıp piyasaya sürülebilmesi için 8-10 yıl hatta bazen 15 yıl gerekebiliyor. Bu süre içerisinde harcanan para da 600-700 milyon doları buluyor. Kanser tedavisinin yeni gözdesi bu hedefe yönelik akıllı ilaçlar çok pahalı olabiliyor bu nedenle. Ama bizim geliştirdiğimiz bu yöntem, şu ana kadar sık kullanılan sentetik (monoklonal) antikor tedavilerine göre biraz daha ucuz olacak. Çünkü kanser hücresini hedefleyen bu sentetik antikorlar canlı hücrelerden elde edilerek toplanıyor. Daha sonra insanlarda kullanılıyor. Bizim gen susturucu ilaçlarımız ise makinalarda kolayca sentezlenebiliyor. Bu nedenle de 5-10 kat daha ucuza mal olmasını bekliyoruz. Sonraki aşama klinik denemeler olacak, yani hastalarda denenecek. Bunun için de 4 milyon dolarlık bir fon daha talep edeceğiz. Laboratuvarımızın bir özelliği de en çok Türk'ün bulunduğu laboratuvar olması. Ayrıca Türkiye'deki değişik üniversitelerle de mesleki işbirliği içerisindeyiz sürekli. Klinik deneme aşamasına geldiğinde Türkiye'den hastaları da bu çalışmaya dahil etmek istiyorum. İnşallah başarılı oluruz ve çaresiz kalan hastalarımıza deva ya da tedavi yöntemi olarak bizim ilacımız da kullanıma girer."