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Teravih namazı, Ramazan ayında, yatsı namazı ile vitir namazı arasında kılınan nafile namazdır. 6 Mayıs'ta idrak edilmeye başlanacak Ramazan ayı öncesinde teravih namazının kılınış şekli merak ediliyor. Teravih namazı, orucun değil, Ramazan'ın sünnetidir. Bu sebeple oruç tutmayan hasta ve yolculara da teravih kılmak sünnettir. Peki, ilk teravih ne zaman ? Teravih namazı nasıl kılınır ? Teravih namazı kaç rekat ?
İLK TERAVİH NE ZAMAN?
2019 yılında ilk teravih namazı , 5 Mayıs'ta kılınacak. İlk teravih namazı İstanbul'da 21.44'te, İzmir'de 21.41, Ankara'da 21.24'te kılınacak.
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı'nın resmi internet sitesi üzerinden derlediğimiz teravih namazı ile ilgili merak edilen sorulara diğer sayfalardan ulaşabilirsiniz.
TERAVİH NAMAZI KAÇ REKAT?
Hz. Peygamberin (s.a.s.) kıldığı teravih namazlarının kaç rekât olduğu konusunda, üzerinde ittifak edilen bir rivayet bulunmamaktadır. Her ne kadar onun vitir dâhil yirmi üç rekât teravih kıldığı yönünde bazı rivayetler varsa da (İbn Ebî Şeybe, el-Musannef, III, 395; Beyhakî, es-Sünenü'l-kübrâ, II, 698) bunlar fukaha tarafından farklı değerlendirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu konuda Hz. Âişe'nin, Hz. Peygamberin (s.a.s.) Ramazan ayındaki gece namazlarıyla ilgili hadisinden ve Hz. Ömer'in teravihin cemaatle kılınmasını başlatmasıyla ilgili haberlerden hareketle bir sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu konudaki haberler şöyle değerlendirilebilir:
Resûlullah'ın (s.a.s.) Ramazan'daki gece namazları sorulduğunda, Hz. Âişe, "Resûlullah, Ramazan ve Ramazan dışındaki gecelerde on bir rekâttan fazla (nafile namaz) kılmamıştır." (Buhârî, Teheccüd, 16) karşılığını vermiştir. Başka bir rivayette bu sayı on üç olarak zikredilmektedir (Müslim, Salâtü'l-Müsâfirîn, 123-124). Öncelikle bu hadisin teravih namazı hakkında olduğu konusunda bir açıklık bulunmamaktadır. Diğer taraftan Hz. Âişe'nin, Allah'ın elçisinin Ramazan ayında ve Ramazan dışındaki gecelerde on bir veya on üç rekât namaz kıldığını belirtmesi, onun teravih dışında devamlı olarak kıldığı bir gece namazının bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Zaten Kur'an-ı Kerim'de de, "Gecenin bir kısmında uyanarak, sana mahsus bir nafile olmak üzere namaz kıl. Umulur ki Rabbin, seni övgüye değer bir makama gönderir." (İsrâ, 17/79) buyurulmaktadır.
Yukarıda zikredilenlerden, söz konusu sorunun, Ramazan ayında Hz. Peygamberin (s.a.s.) diğer ibadetlerinde olduğu gibi, gece namazlarında da bir artış olup olmadığını öğrenmek amacıyla sorulduğu ve teravih namazıyla bir ilişkisinin olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hz. Âişe'den rivayet edilen, "Resûlullah (s.a.s.) Ramazan ayında, diğer aylarda görülmeyen bir gayrete girerdi. Ramazan'ın son on gününde ise çok daha fazla bir gayret gösterirdi. Son on günde, geceyi ihya eder, ailesini de uyandırırdı." (Buhârî, Fazlu Leyleti'l-Kadr, 5; Müslim, İtikâf, 7, 8) hadisi bu görüşü desteklemektedir. Diğer yandan, bu hadisin teravihin meşru kılınmasından önce mi, yoksa sonra mı olduğu da belli değildir.
Öte yandan Hz. Ömer zamanındaki cemaatle kılınan teravih namazlarının rekâtları konusunda yirmi ve on bir rekât şeklinde iki rivayet vardır (İbn Ebî Şeybe, el-Musannef, III, 392, 394). Kaynaklarımızda Hz. Ömer'in dönemiyle ilgili farklı rivayetler olmakla birlikte daha sonra teravihin yirmi rekât olarak yerleştiği ve günümüze kadar da cemaatle kılınarak böyle devam ettiği ifade edilmiştir (Bkz. İbnü'l-Hümâm, Feth, I, 485; Aynî, Umde, XI, 126-127; Mâverdî, el-Hâvî, II, 291; Şevkânî, Neylü'l-evtâr, III, 516, 521).
Teravih namazı, Hz. Ömer, Hz. Osman ve Hz. Ali dönemlerinden başlayarak günümüze kadar cemaatle yirmi rekât olarak kılınmıştır. Sahabeden kimse buna itiraz etmemiş ve âlimler tarafından da bu şekilde kabul edilmiştir. Günümüzde de, başta ülkemiz olmak üzere pek çok İslam ülkesinde teravih namazı cemaatle 20 rekât olarak kılınmaktadır.
Bununla birlikte şunu da ifade etmek gerekir ki, teravih namazı nafile bir ibadet olduğundan, farz gibi telakki edilmesi de doğru değildir. Bu nedenle, yorgunluk, meşguliyet ve benzeri sebeplerle, teravih namazının evde 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 veya 18 rekât kılınması hâlinde de sünnet yerine getirilmiş olur. Ancak cemaate iştirak etmeye çalışmak daha iyidir.
TERAVİH NAMAZININ HÜKMÜ NEDİR?
Sözlükte rahatlatmak, dinlendirmek anlamlarına gelen tervîha kelimesinin çoğulu olan teravih, dinî bir terim olarak, Ramazan ayında, yatsı namazı ile vitir namazı arasında kılınan nafile namaz demektir.
Resûl-i Ekrem (s.a.s.) ashabıyla beraber cemaat hâlinde bu namazı kılmış, onların iştiyakını görünce farz olur endişesiyle cemaatle kılmayı terk ederek yalnız kılmaya devam etmiştir (Buhârî, Salâtü't-terâvîh, 1; Müslim, Salâtü'l-Müsâfirîn, 177-178). Yine Hz. Peygamber, "Kim inanarak ve sevabını Allah'tan bekleyerek Ramazan namazını (Teravih) kılarsa, onun geçmiş günahları bağışlanır." (Buhârî, Salâtü't-Teravih, 1; Müslim, Salâtü'l-Müsâfirîn, 173) buyurarak teravih namazına teşvik etmiştir. Bu bakımdan teravih namazı, erkek ve kadınlar için sünnet-i müekkededir.
Teravih namazını dört rekâtta bir selam vererek kılmak caiz ise de, iki rekâtta bir selam vererek kılmak daha faziletlidir. Bu namazın her dört rekâtının sonunda bir miktar oturup dinlenmek müstehaptır. Bu dinlenmelerde tehlîl (lâ ilâhe illallah demek) ve salavât ile meşgul olunması uygundur.
YATSI NAMAZINI KILMADAN ÖNCE TERAVİH KILINSA GEÇERLİ OLUR MU?
Teravih ve vitir namazının vakti, yatsı namazının vaktidir. Ancak hem teravih hem de vitir namazı, yatsı namazının farzından sonra kılınır. Bu itibarla yatsı namazının farzından önce kılınan teravih ve vitir namazlarının iade edilmesi gerekir. Eğer vakit çıkmış ise; teravih'in kazası gerekmez, vitrin kazası gerekir (İbnü'l- Hümâm, Feth, I, 487; Kâsânî, Bedâî', I, 290).
TERAVİH NAMAZI TEK NİYETLE KILINIR MI?
Teravih namazına başlarken niyet ettikten sonra her selam verişte yeniden niyet etmenin şart olup olmadığı konusunda Hanefî âlimleri farklı görüşlere sahiptir. Tercih edilen görüşe göre teravih namazı bir bütün olduğundan her iki veya dört rekâtta selam verdikten sonra yeniden niyet etme zorunluluğu bulunmamaktadır. (İbn Nüceym, el-Bahr, I, 294; el-Fetâva'l-Hindiyye, I, 130).
TERAVİH NAMAZINI CEMAATLE KILMANIN HÜKMÜ NEDİR?
Nafile namazların tek başına kılınması daha faziletli olduğu hâlde, teravih namazının cemaatle kılınması Hz. Peygamberin (s.a.s.) uygulamasıyla sabittir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber teravih namazını birkaç defa cemaate kıldırmış, ancak daha sonra farz olur düşüncesiyle cemaate kıldırmaktan vazgeçmiştir (Buhârî, Salâtü't-Teravih, 1; Müslim, Salâtü'-Müsâfirîn, 177).
Hz. Ömer halife olunca, halkın dağınık bir şekilde teravih namazı kıldıklarını görüp, tekrar cemaatle kılınmasının daha uygun olacağını düşünmüş ve sahabeyle istişare ederek bu namazın yeniden cemaatle kılınmasını başlatmıştır. Halkın vecd içinde bu namazı kıldıklarını görünce, "Ne güzel bir âdet oldu" diyerek memnuniyetini belirtmiştir (Buhârî, Salâtü't-Teravih, 1). Hz. Ali de, bu uygulama sebebiyle "Ömer mescitlerimizi teravihin feyziyle nurlandırdığı gibi, Allah da Ömer'in kabrini öyle nurlandırsın." (Müttakî, Kenzü'l-ummâl, XII, 576) diye dua etmiştir.
KADINLAR TERAVİH NAMAZINI CAMİDE KILABİLİRLER Mİ?
Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.), kadınların mescide gelebileceklerini, ancak evdeki ibadetlerinin daha üstün olduğunu çeşitli vesilelerle dile getirmiş ve şöyle buyurmuştur: "Kadınların mescidlere gitmesine engel olmayın. Fakat evleri onlar için daha hayırlıdır." (Ebû Dâvud, Salât, 53; Hâkim, el-Müstedrek, I, 327)
Hz. Peygamberin, kadınların mescide gitmelerine izin verdiği, hatta Ramazan ve Kurban bayramları gibi toplumun beraberce kutladığı sevinçli günlerde onların da bayram sevincini yaşamaları için Bayram namazına gelmelerini teşvik ettiği bilinmektedir (Buhârî, Îdeyn 15, 21; Müslim, Salâtü'l-îdeyn, 1-3, 10-12). Bununla birlikte Allah Resulü (s.a.s.) camiye gelecek kadınlara birtakım tavsiyelerde bulunmuş; dikkat çekecek şekilde giyinmelerini (Müslim, Libas, 125) ve koku sürünmelerini yasaklamıştır (Müslim, Salât, 141-142).
Buna göre kadınların namazlarını evlerinde kılmaları daha faziletli ise de farz namazları ve teravih namazını gerekli hassasiyeti göstermeleri kaydıyla camide cemaatle kılmalarında da bir sakınca yoktur. (Zeylaî, Tebyîn, I, 139, 168; İbn Nüceym, el-Bahr, I, 380).
TERAVİH NAMAZI NASIL KILINIR?
İki Rek'atta Bir Selâm Verilerek Teravihin Cemaatle Kılınışı: Yatsı namazının farzı ve son sünneti kılındıktan sonra teravih namazına başlanır. Namaz kıldıracak imam: "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için teravih namazını kılmaya, bana uyanlara imam oldum" diye niyet ederek iftitah tekbirini alıp ellerini bağlar. İmam'ın arkasında kılan cemaat da "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için teravih namazını kılmaya, uydum imama" diyerek niyet eder ve imamın tekbirinden sonra "Allahü Ekber" diyerek tekbir alır ve ellerini bağlar.
Bundan sonra imam ve cemaat gizlice "Sübhâneke duası" okur. Sübhaneke'nin okunması bitince (cemaat ayakta başka bir şey okumaz),imam gizlice Eûzü-Besmele, açıktan Fatiha ve bir sûre okur. Cemaatle birlikte rükû ve secdeleri yaptıktan sonra ikinci rek'ata kalkılır. Burada yine imam gizlice Besmele, açıktan da Fatiha ve bir sûre okuyup cemaatle birlikte rükû ve secdeleri yaparak oturulur. Bu oturuşta imam ve cemaat "Ettehiyyatü, Allâhümme salli, Allâhümme bârik ile Rabbenâ " dualarını okuyarak selâm verirler.
Böylece iki rek'at kılınmış olur. Ayağa kalkılarak tarif ettiğimiz şekilde ikişer rek'at kılınmaya devam edilerek yirmi rek'at tamamlanır. Bundan sonra üç rek'atlı vitir namazı da cemaatle kılınır.
İki Rek'atte Bir Selâm Verilerek Teravihin Tek Başına Kılınışı:
"Niyet ettim Allah rızası için teravih namazını kılmaya" diyerek niyet edilir ve aynen sabah namazının iki rek'at sünneti gibi kılınır. Yirmi rek'at tamamlanıncaya kadar ikişer rek'at kılmaya devam edilir, teravih bitince de vitir namazı kılınır.
Dört Rek'atta Bir Selâm Verilerek Teravihin Cemaatle Kılınışı:
1.rekat: Namazı kıldıracak imam ve cemaat yukarıda tarif ettiğimiz gibi niyet ederek iftitah tekbirini alır ve ellerini bağlar. İmam ve cemaat gizlice Sübhaneke'yi okuduktan sonra (Cemaat başka birşey okumaz) imam gizlice Eûzü-Besmele, açıktan Fatiha ve bir sûre okuyup rükû ve secdeleri yaparak ikinci rek'ata kalkılır.
2. rekat: İmam gizlice Besmele'yi, açıktan Fatiha ve bir sûre okuyup rükû ve secdeleri yapar ve otururlar. İkinci rek'atın sonundaki bu ilk oturuşta imam ve cemaat "Ettehiyyatü, Allâhümme salli ve Allâhümme barik" okur ve üçüncü rek'ata kalkarlar.
3. rekat: Hem imam, hem de cemaat gizlice Sübhaneke'yi okur. Sonra imam gizlice Eûzü-Besmele, açıktan Fatiha ve bir sure okur. Sonra rükû ve secdeleri yaparak dördüncü rek'ata kalkarlar.
4. rekat: İmam gizlice Besmele'yi, açıktan da fatiha ve bir sure okuyarak yine rükû ve secdeler yapılıp oturulur.Bu oturuşta da imam ve cemaat "Ettehiyyatü, Allâhüme salli, Allâhümme barik, Rabbenâ âtina...." okuduktan sonra selâm verirler. Böylece teravih namazının ilk dört rek'atı kılınmış olur.
Bundan sonra ayağa kalkılarak tıpkı tarif ettiğimiz gibi dörder rek'at kılınmaya devam edilerek yirmi rek'at tamamlanır.Her dört rekatın sonunda salavat ya da dula ile ara vermek sünnettir. Sonra da cemaatle vitir namazı kılınır.
Dört Rek'atta Bir Selâm Verilerek Teravihin Tek Başına Kılınışı:
"Niyet ettim Allah rızası için teravih namazını kılmaya" diye niyet edilir ve aynen ikindi namazının sünneti gibi kılınır. Aradaki fark sadece niyetin değişik olmasıdır. Böylece dörder rek'at kılınarak yirmi rek'at tamamlanır. Bunun peşinden de vitir namazı kılınır.
TERAVİH NAMAZINDA OKUNAN DUALAR NELERDİR?
1-Teravihe başlamadan önce okunan dua:
Sübhâne zil-mülki vel-melekût. Sübhâne zi'l-ızzeti vel-azameti vel cemâli vel-celâli vel ceberût. Sübhân-el melikil mevcûd. Sübhânel melik-il ma'bûd. Sübhân-el melikil hayy-illezî lâ yenâmü ve lâ yemût. Sübbûhun, kuddûsün, Rabbünâ ve Rabb-ül melâiketi ver-rûh. Merhabâ, merhabâ, merhabâ ya şehr-i Ramazân. Merhabâ, merhabâ, merhabâ yâ şehr-el bereketi vel gufrân. Merhabâ, merhabâ, merhabâ yâ şehr-et tesbîhi vet-tehlîli vez-zikri ve tilâvet-il Kur'ân. Evvelühû, âhıruhû, zâhiruhû, bâtınühû yâ men lâ ilahe illâhû. (Allahümme salli alâ Muhammed.) Ramazan-ı şerif'in onbeşinden sonra, (merhabâ) yazılı olan yerler (Elvedâ) diye okunur. İkinci rekattan sonra selam verince (Allahümme salli alâ Muhammed)
2-Teravih aralarında,her dört rekatın sonunda okunacak dua:
Allahümme salli alâ, seyyidinâ Muhammedin ve alâ âli seyyidinâ Muhammedin biadedi külli dâin ve devâin ve bârik ve sellim aleyhi ve aleyhim kesîrâ. (Allahümme salli alâ Muhammed) En son dördüncü rek'at bitince üç defa okunup üçüncüde (kesîrân ve kesîrâ) denir.
3-Teravih namazı tamamlandıktan sonra okunacak dua(Elleri açıp 3 defa):
Yâ hannân, yâ mennân, yâ deyyân, yâ bürhân, Yâ zel-fadli vel-ihsân, nerc-ûl afve vel-gufrân, Vec'al-nâ min utekâi şehr-i ramazân bi-hürmet-il Kur'ân.
4-Vitr namazına başlamadan (ALLAHUMME SALLİ ALA MUHAMMED) denir.