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Türkiye'de son aylarda meydana gelen deprem ler sonrasında fay hatlarındaki kırılmalarla oluşan depremin nedenleri de bir kez daha gündemdeki yerini aldı. Vatandaşların deprem konusunda bilgi edinmek adına araştırmaları devam ediyor. Herkesin bildiği gibi Türkiye dünyanın en etkin deprem kuşaklarından birinin üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Geçmişte yurdumuzda birçok yıkıcı depremler olduğu gibi, gelecekte de sık sık oluşacak depremlerle büyük can ve mal kaybına uğrayacağımız bir gerçektir. Deprem herhangi bir yerde ve herhangi bir zamanda oluşabilir. Bugün son depremler ve en son ne zaman ve nerede deprem oldu? Sorularının cevapları takvim.com.tr 'de.
DETAYLAR İÇİN BİR SONRAKİ SAYFAYA TIKLAYINIZ
DEPREM NEDİR? Yer kabuğu içindeki kırılmalar nedeniyle ani olarak ortaya çıkan titreşimlerin dalgalar halinde yayılarak geçtikleri ortamları ve yeryüzeyini sarsma olayına "DEPREM " denir.
Deprem, insanın hareketsiz kabul ettiği ve güvenle ayağını bastığı toprağın da oynayacağını ve üzerinde bulunan tüm yapılarında hasar görüp, can kaybına uğrayacak şekilde yıkılabileceklerini gösteren bir doğa olayıdır.
Depremin nasıl oluştuğunu, deprem dalgalarının yer yuvarı içinde ne şekilde yayıldıklarını, ölçü aletleri ve yöntemlerini, kayıtların değerlendirilmesini ve deprem ile ilgili diğer konuları inceleyen bilim dalına "SİSMOLOJİ" denir.
DEPREMİN OLUŞ NEDENLERİ VE TÜRLERİ
Dünyanın iç yapısı konusunda, jeolojik ve jeofizik çalışmalar sonucu elde edilen verilerin desteklediği bir yeryüzü modeli bulunmaktadır. Bu modele göre, yerkürenin dış kısmında yaklaşık 70-100 km.kalınlığında oluşmuş bir taş küre (Litosfer) vardır. Kıtalar ve okyanuslar bu taş kürede yer alır.Litosfer ile çekirdek arasında kalan ve kalınlığı 2.900 km olan kuşağa Manto adı verilir.
Manto'nun altındaki çekirdeğin Nikel-Demir karışımından oluştuğu kabul edilmektedir.Yerin, yüzeyden derine gidildikçe ısının arttığı bilinmektedir. Enine deprem dalgalarının yerin çekirdeğinde yayılamadığı olgusundan giderek çekirdeğin sıvı bir ortam olması gerektiği sonucuna varılmaktadır. Manto genelde katı olmakla beraber yüzeyden derine inildikçe içinde yerel sıvı ortamları bulundurmaktadır.
Taşküre'nin altında Astenosfer denilen yumuşak Üst Manto bulunmaktadır.Burada oluşan kuvvetler, özellikle konveksiyon akımları nedeni ile, taş kabuk parçalanmakta ve birçok "Levha"lara bölünmektedir. Üst Manto'da oluşan konveksiyon akımları, radyoaktivite nedeni ile oluşan yüksek ısıya bağlanmaktadır. Konveksiyon akımları yukarılara yükseldikçe taşyuvarda gerilmelere ve daha sonra da zayıf zonların kırılmasıyla levhaların oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. Halen 10 kadar büyük levha ve çok sayıda küçük levhalar vardır. Bu levhalar üzerinde duran kıtalarla birlikte, Astenosfer üzerinde sal gibi yüzmekte olup, birbirlerine göre insanların hissedemeyeceği bir hızla hareket etmektedirler.
Konveksiyon akımlarının yükseldiği yerlerde levhalar birbirlerinden uzaklaşmakta ve buradan çıkan sıcak magmada okyanus ortası sırtlarını oluşturmaktadır. Levhaların birbirlerine değdikleri bölgelerde sürtünmeler ve sıkışmalar olmakta, sürtünen levhalardan biri aşağıya Manto'ya batmakta ve eriyerek yitme zonlarını oluşturmaktadır. Konveksiyon akımlarının neden olduğu bu ardışıklı olay tatkürenin altında devam edip gitmektedir.
İşte yerkabuğunu oluşturan levhaların birbirine sürtündükleri, birbirlerini sıkıştırdıkları, birbirlerinin üstüne çıktıkları ya da altına girdikleri bu levhaların sınırları dünyada deprem lerin oldukları yerler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Dünyada olan depremlerin hemen büyük çoğunluğu bu levhaların birbirlerini zorladıkları levha sınırlarında dar kuşaklar üzerinde olusmaktadır.
Yukarıda, yerkabuğunu oluşturan "Levha"ların, Astenosferdeki konveksiyon akımları nedeniyle hareket halinde olduklarını ve bu nedenle birbirlerini ittiklerini veya birbirlerinden açıldıklarını ve bu olayların meydana geldiği zonların da deprem bölgelerini oluşturduğunu söylemiştik.
Birbirlerini iten ya da diğerinin altına giren iki levha arasında, harekete engel olan bir sürtünme kuvveti vardır. Bir levhanın hareket edebilmesi için bu sürtünme kuvvetinin giderilmesi gerekir.
İtilmekte olan bir levha ile bir diğer levha arasında sürtünme kuvveti aşıldığı zaman bir hareket oluşur. Bu hareket çok kısa bir zaman biriminde gerçekleşir ve şok niteliğindedir. Sonunda çok uzaklara kadar yayılabilen deprem (sarsıntı) dalgaları ortaya çıkar.Bu dalgalar geçtiği ortamları sarsarak ve depremin oluş yönünden uzaklaştıkça enerjisi azalarak yayılır. Bu sırada yeryüzünde, bazen gözle görülebilen, kilometrelerce uzanabilen ve FAY adı verilen arazi kırıkları oluşabilir. Bu kırıklar bazen yeryüzünde gözlenemez, yüzey tabakaları ile gizlenmiş olabilir. Bazen de eski bir depremden oluşmuş ve yerüzüne kadar çıkmış, ancak zamanla örtülmüş bir fay yeniden oynayabilir.
Deprem lerin oluşumunun bu şekilde ve "Elastik Geri Sekme Kuramı" adı altında anlatımı 1911 yılında Amerikalı Reid tarafından yapılmıştır ve laboratuvarlarda da denenerek ispatlanmıştır.
Bu kurama göre, herhangibir noktada, zamana bağımlı olarak, yavaş yavaş oluşan birim deformasyon birikiminin elastik olarak depoladığı enerji, kritik bir değere eriştiğinde, fay düzlemi boyunca var olan sürtünme kuvvetini yenerek, fay çizgisinin her iki tarafındaki kayaç bloklarının birbirine göreli hareketlerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu olay ani yer değiştirme hareketidir. Bu ani yer değiştirmeler ise bir noktada biriken birim deformasyon enerjisinin açığa çıkması, boşalması, diğer bir deyişle mekanik enerjiye dönüşmesi ile ve sonuç olarak yer katmanlarının kırılma ve yırtılma hareketi ile olmaktadır.
Aslında kayaların, önceden bir birim yerdeğiştirme birikimine uğramadan kırılmaları olanaksızdır. Bu birim yer değiştirme hareketlerini, hareketsiz görülen yerkabuğunda, üst mantoda oluşan konveksiyon akımları oluşturmakta, kayalar belirli bir deformasyona kadar dayanıklılık gösterebilmekte ve sonrada kırılmaktadır. İşte bu kırılmalar sonucu depremler oluşmaktadır. Bu olaydan sonra da kayalardan uzak zamandan beri birikmiş olan gerilmelerin ve enerjinin bir kısmı ya da tamamı giderilmiş olmaktadır.
Çoğunlukla bu deprem olayı esnasında oluşan faylarda, elastik geri sekmeler (atım), fayın her iki tarafında ve ters yönde oluşmaktadırlar.
FAYLAR genellikle hareket yönlerine göre isimlendirilirler. Daha çok yatay hareket sonucu meydana gelen faylara "Doğrultu Atımlı Fay"denir. Fayın oluşturduğu iki ayrı blokun birbirlerine göreli olarak sağa veya sola hareketlerinden de bahsedilebilinir ki bunlar sağ veya sol yönlü doğrultulu atımlı faya bir örnektir.
Düşey hareketlerle meydana gelen faylara da "Eğim Atımlı Fay"denir. Fayların çoğunda hem yatay, hem de düşey hareket bulunabilir.
DEPREM NERELERDE OLUŞUR?
Deprem herhangi bir yerde ve herhangi bir zamanda oluşabilir. Genel olarak depremlerin kabuğu oluşturan levhaların sınırlarında oluştuğu söylenebilir. Dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde benzer nitelikte depremlerin tekrarlandığı gözlenmiştir ve bu kesiler hep levha sınırlarıdır. Depremlerin yoğun olarak gözlendiği bölgeler yeryüzünde üç ana kuşak oluşturur.
1. Kuşak (Pasifik Deprem Kuşağı): Şili'den kuzeye doğru Güney Amerika kıyıları, Orta Amerika, Meksika, ABD'nin batı kıyıları ve Alaska'nın güneyinden Aleutian Adaları, Japonya, Filipinler, Yeni Gine, Güney Pasifik Adaları ve Yeni Zelanda'yı içine alan en büyük deprem kuşağıdır. Yeryüzündeki büyük depremleri %81'i bu kuşak üzeride gerçekleşir.
2. Kuşak (Alpine): Endonezyadan (Java-Sumatra) başlayıp Himalayalar ve Akdeniz üzerinden Atlantik okyanusuna ulaşan kuşaktır. Yeryüzündeki büyük depremlerin %17'si bu kuşakta oluşur.
3. Kuşak (Atlantik): Bu kuşak Atlantik Okyanusu ortasında yer alan levha sınırı (Atlantik Okyanus Sırtı) boyunca uzanır.