Dünyayı kasıp kavuran ve 1,5 milyondan fazla insanın ölümüne sebep olan koronavirüs salgını ulaşımdan, ekonomiye sanattan spora bir çok alanı da olumsuz yönde etkiledi.
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Dünyayı kasıp kavuran ve 1,5 milyondan fazla insanın ölümüne sebep olan koronavirüs salgını ulaşımdan, ekonomiye sanattan spora bir çok alanı da olumsuz yönde etkiledi.
Dünyadan gelen aşı haberleri insanları bir nebze olsun umutlandırırken Moderna, Pfizer ve BioNTech aşı üreticilerinin ne kadar para kazanacağı da merak konusu oldu. Yatırım analistleri, Moderna, Pfizer ve BioNTech'inin önümüzdeki yıl milyarlarca dolar kazanacağını tahmin ediyor.
BÜYÜK KARLAR ELDE EDİLECEK Mİ?
Ancak, aşı üreticilerinin gerçekte ne kadar para kazanacağı henüz net değil. BBC Türkçe'nin haberine göre aşıların finanse edilme şekli ve aşı üretebilecek firma sayısı nedeniyle büyük karlar elde etme fırsatı kısa ömürlü olabilir.
HÜKÜMETLER VE BAĞIŞÇILAR, AŞI İÇİN PROJELERE MİLYARLARCA DOLAR PARA AYIRDILAR
Aşıya duyulan acil ihtiyaç sebebiyle hükümetler ve bağışçılar, aşı için projelere milyarlarca dolar para ayırdılar. Gates Vakfı gibi kuruluşların yanı sıra Alibaba'nın kurucusu Jack Ma ve country müzik yıldızı Dolly Parton da dahil olmak üzere tanınmış figürler de aşı harcamalarını destekledi.
KAYNAĞIN ÇOĞU DIŞ FİNANSMANA BAĞLI
Bilimsel veri analizi şirketi Airfinity'ye göre, aşı için toplamda hükümetler 8,67 milyar dolar, kar amacı gütmeyen kuruluşlar da yaklaşık 2 milyar dolar ödenek sağladı.
Aşı çalışmaları için şirketlerin kendi yatırımlarından yalnızca 3,46 milyar dolar geldi ve bunların çoğu da büyük ölçüde dış finansmana bağlı.
Büyük firmaların aşı projelerini finanse etmede acele etmemelerinin anlaşılır nedenleri var.
Tarihte de akut bir sağlık acil durumunda doğrudan doğruya aşı yapmak pek kazançlı olmadı.
Aşının ortaya çıkması da zaman alır ve kesin olmaktan da bir hayli uzaktır. Yoksul ülkeler büyük kaynaklara ihtiyaç duyar, ancak yüksek fiyatları karşılayamazlar.
Aşıların genellikle bir veya iki kez uygulanması gerekir. Daha zengin ülkelerde, özellikle günlük doz gerektiren ilaçlar, daha çok getirisi olan ilaçlardır.
Zika, Sars gibi diğer hastalıklar için aşı çalışmalarına başlayan firmaların ağızlarının yandığını söylemek mümkün.
Öte yandan, yılda birkaç milyar dolar değerinde olan grip aşısı pazarında, Covid-19'un da grip gibi yıllık takviye gerektirmesi durumunda en etkili ve en uygun maliyetli aşıları üreten firmalar için kârlı olabileceğini belirtiliyor.
NE KADAR SATILIYOR?
Pek çok firma, özelikle de aldıkları dış finansmanlardan sonra küresel kriz üzerinden kâr eden bir şirket olarak görünmek istemiyor.
ABD'li büyük ilaç üreticisi Johnson & Johnson ve Oxford Üniversitesi merkezli bir biyoteknoloji şirketi ile çalışan İngiliz AstraZeneca, aşıyı sadece maliyetlerini karşılayan bir fiyata satma sözü verdi. Şu anda AstraZeneca'nın doz başına en az 4 dolar olduğu görülüyor.
Çığır açan RNA aşısının arkasındaki teknoloji üzerine yıllardır çalışan küçük bir biyoteknoloji firması olan Moderna ise doz başına 37 dolar gibi çok daha yüksek bir fiyatlandırma yapıyor.
FİRMALARIN HİSSEDARLARI...
Amacı, firmaların hissedarları için bir miktar kar sağlamak. Bu yüksek tutarın bir kısmı da aşıların çok düşük sıcaklıklarda taşınmasının maliyetlerini karşılayacak.
Ancak bu, fiyatların sabit olduğu anlamına da gelmiyor.
İlaç firmaları, hükümetlerin karşılayabilme kapasitelerine göre her ülkeden farklı miktarlarda ücret alacak.
AstraZeneca'nın fiyatları düşük tutma sözü de yalnızca "salgın süresi" boyunca geçerli. Hastalığın gidişatına bağlı olarak önümüzdeki yıl daha yüksek fiyatlar talep etmeye başlayabilir.
Barclays'in Avrupa İlaç Araştırma Başkanı Emily Field, "Zengin hükümetler yüksek fiyatlar ödeyecek. Pandemiye sonunu getirecek bir işe başlamak için çok istekliler" diyor.
Field, daha fazla aşı devreye girer girmez oluşacak rekabetle birlikte, muhtemelen gelecek yıl fiyatları daha da aşağı çekebileceğini söylüyor.
Airfinity CEO'su Rasmus Bech Hansen ise özellikle başka ürünleri olmayan küçük firmaların herhangi bir kâr beklemeden aşı yapmasını beklemenin anlamsız olduğunu söylüyor:
"Bu şirketlerin önemli bir risk aldığını, çok hızlı hareket ettiğini ve araştırma ve geliştirme yatırımlarının önemli olduğunu unutmayın."
Hansen, küçük firmaların gelecekte atılımlar yapmaya devam etmesini isteniyorsa, onları ödüllendirmek gerektiğini de sözlerine ekliyor.
Ancak bazı kimseler de insani krizin büyüklüğünün ve kamu finansmanının alışılageldik tarzda iş yapmasının zamanı olmadığını savunuyor.
TEKNOLOJİLERİNİ PAYLAŞMALILAR MI?
Yeni aşıların ardındaki teknolojinin paylaşılması için de bazı çağrılar yapıldı. Bu çağrılarla birlikte dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerinde de diğer firmalar kendi pazarları için de dozlar üretebilsin isteniyor.
İlaç Hukuku ve Politikası Araştırma Grubu Direktörü Ellen 't Hoen, bunun kamu finansmanı almanın bir koşulu olması gerektiğini söylüyor:
"Hükümetlerimizin bu parayı herhangi bir şarta bağlı olmadan teslim etmelerinin akıllıca olmadığını düşünüyorum."
Hoen, pandeminin başlangıcında, büyük ilaç şirketlerinin aşı yarışına pek ilgi göstermediğini söylüyor. Ancak hükümetler ve kurumların fon teminatlarıyla devreye girdiklerinde koronavirüs aşısı üzerinde çalışmaya başladılar.
Bu sebepten de Hoen, aşı sonuçlarından kâr etmenin gerekliliğini sorguluyor:
"Bu yenilikler, bu ticari kuruluşların özel mülkü haline geliyor ve bu yeniliğe kimin erişeceğinin kontrolü de şirketin elinde kalıyor."
ÖYLEYSE İLAÇ ŞİRKETLERİ ÇOK MU FAZLA KAR ELDE EDECEK?
Hükümetler ve çok uluslu kuruluşlar, milyarlarca doz aşıyı belirlenmiş fiyatlarla satın alma sözü verdiler. Bu nedenle, önümüzdeki birkaç ay boyunca firmalar bu siparişleri olabildiğince çabuk yerine getirmekle meşgul olacak.
Daha zengin ülkelere satış yapan şirketler yatırımlarının da geri dönüşünü görmeye başlayacak. Öte yandan AstraZeneca, en yüksek sayıda dozları tedarik etmek üzere anlaşmalara sahip olmasına rağmen, yalnızca aşının maliyetlerini karşılayacak.
Yapılan ilk sözleşmelerin tamamlanmasının ardından, yeni aşı manzarasının neye benzeyeceğini tahmin etmek daha zor olacak.
Bu, aşılarda bağışıklığın ne kadar süreceği, ne kadar başarılı aşının piyasaya sürüleceği ve üretim ile dağıtımın sorunsuz bir şekilde devam edip etmeyeceği gibi pek çok şeye bağlı.
Barclays'tan Emily Field, kar elde etme meselesinin "çok geçici" olacağını düşünüyor.
Çünkü önde gelen şirketler ürettikleri aşıların fikri mülkiyet haklarını paylaşmasalar bile, dünya çapında klinik deneylerde halihazırda 50'den fazla aşı bulunmakta.
Field, "İki yıl içinde piyasada 20 tane aşı olabilir" diyor ve ekliyor: "Dolayısıyla ayrıcalıklı bir fiyat talep etmek zor olacak."
Uzun vadede aşının sağlayacağı etkinliğin daha büyük itibar getireceğini düşünen Field, başarılı bir aşı uygulamasının diğer ürünlerin satışı için kapıların açılmasına yardımcı olabileceği görüşünde.
Airfinity'den Rasmus Bech Hansen de, bu bağlamda, tüm sektörün fayda sağlayacağı fikrine sahip.
Bu durum için "salgından çıkabilecek umut ışıklarından biri" benzetmesini yapan Hansen, gelecek yıllarda, hükümetlerin pandemik stratejilere şimdi savunmada yaptıkları gibi yatırım yapmalarını bekliyor.
Tüm bu tartışmaların en umut verici yanıysa, BioNTech ve Moderna'nın aşılarını RNA teknolojisiyle yapması. Bu sebeple şirketlerin piyasa değerleri de yükseldi.
Emily Field, "Aşının etkinliğinden herkes etkilendi" diyor ve RNA teknolojisi için "Aşıların çehresini değiştirebilir" ifadelerini kullanıyor.
BioNTech, Covid'den önce cilt kanseri için bir aşı üzerinde çalışıyordu. Moderna ise yumurtalık kanseri için RNA tabanlı bir aşı arıyor.
Bunlardan herhangi biri başarılı olursa, ödüller çok daha büyük olabilir.