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İstanbul'un deprem raporu TBMM 'ye sunuldu. Raporda çarpıcı detaylar yer aldı. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB) Deprem Risk Yönetimi ve Kentsel İyileştirme Daire Başkan Tayfun Kahraman ile Avcılar ve Esenler ilçelerinden bir heyetle TBMM Deprem Araştırma Komisyonu 'na İstanbul'un deprem raporunu sundu.
Raporda, İstanbul'da 1999 Marmara depreminden önce yapılmış olan 790 bin binadan 194 bininin risk barındırdığı ve olası 7.5 büyüklüğündeki depremde bu binaların orta ve üstü hasar almaları beklendiği kaydedildi. Kıyı şeridinde bulunan 17 ilçenin de tsunami den etkilenmesi bekleniyor.
"7 VE DAHA BÜYÜK BİR DEPREM OLMA OLASILIĞI YÜZDE 60 DİYORUZ" İBB Deprem Bilim Kurulu üyesi Jeofizik Mühendisi Prof. Dr. Haluk Eyidoğan, raporu değerlendirerek, "7.5 büyüklüğünde bir deprem eğer İstanbul kıyılarına yakın bir noktada olursa ne olur? 15 bine yakın vatandaşımızın can kaybından bahsediyoruz, 8 bin ağır yaralı, 39 bin hastanede tedavi. Eğer bu olasılıksal modele göre olursa; o zaman can kaybı 53 bine çıkıyor, ağır yaralı 31 bin, hastanede tedavi 139 bine çıkıyor. Çeşitli yöntemler var deprem tehlikesinin hesaplanmasıyla ilgili bir istatistiksel model kuruluyor. Olasılıksal modele göre örneğin 50 yılda yüzde 10 aşılma olasılığı göre bir deprem olursa yani 475 yıl periyodla bir deprem olursa o zaman kayıplarımız 53 bine çıkıyor. Ona 7 ve daha büyük şiddette deprem diyoruz" dedi. "Ne zaman olacağını bilmiyoruz ama İstanbul ve çevresini etkileyecek olası bir deprem önümüzdeki 25 yılda 7 ve daha büyük bir deprem olma olasılığı yüzde 60 diyoruz" diyen Eyidoğan, "Ona göre hesaplamalar yapıyoruz. Eğer 7.5 şiddetinde bir depreme göre yapıyorsak ve şu noktada olacak diyorsak o zaman 15 bin can kaybımız var, ağır yaralı 8 bin, 39 binde hastanede tedavi var. Bina kayıpları ne olacak? Eğer 7.5 büyüklüğünde bir modele göre hesaplarsak 14 bin binada yıkım ve ağır hasar var, ağır hasar 35 bin, orta hasar 146 bin. Bunları bir araya getirdiğimizde 194 bin bina bir anda kullanılamaz hale geliyor çünkü orta hasarlıları da kullanamıyorsunuz. Eğer bunu olasılıksal modele göre yaparsak o zaman çok ağır hasar ve yıkık 57 bin oluyor. Yani 3.5-4 misline yakın bir artış var olasılıksal modelde. İster 7.5 şiddetine göre konuşalım ister olasılıksal modele göre konuşalım çok ciddi kayıplarla karşı karşıyayız. Bunlar şimdi tekrar revize ediliyor. Bu hesaplar tek tek bina bazında değil. Biz 2000 yılında önce yapılmış 1 milyon 116 bin binanın eldeki verilere göre kayıpları bu" diye konuştu.
"SAHİLLERE YAKIN OLAN İLÇELERİMİZDE FAZLA KAYIPLAR ORTAYA ÇIKABİLİYOR" Eyidoğan, zemin sıvılaşmasına dikkat çekerek sahil şeridi ile Büyükçekmece ile Küçükçekmece havzasının heyelan bölgesi olduğunu belirtti. Eyidoğan, "Acil sinyal veriyor dediğimiz İstanbul'un eski yerleşimleri ve göç nedeniyle denetimsiz yapılmış, mühendislik hizmeti almamış yapılar. Gecekondular, daha sonra çok katlı apartmanlara dönüşenler, bunlar her ilçede var. Büyük bir depreme yakın olmak büyük bir dezavantajdır ama uzak olduğu zamanda çok kötü bir binada yıkım oluyor. Bunun en son örneğini İzmir'de gördük. Deprem 7 büyüklüğünde Sisam'da oldu, 70 kilometre uzakta zemin sorunları ve bina sorunları nedeniyle 500 tane binada ağır ve orta hasar var Bayraklı ve çevresinde. Demek ki bir kentte deprem tehlike ve riskleri hesaplanırken uzaklık önemli ama yapının durumu ve zeminde önemli. Ama depreme yakınlığı itibariyle Silivri, Büyükçekmece, Küçükçekmece, Bakırköy, Zeytinburnu, Fatih, böyle gidiyor. Anadolu Yakası'nda da Maltepe, Kadıköy'ün sahilleri, Kartal, Tuzla, buralardaki zemin durumlarına ve bina yapı özelliklerine göre hasar daha az veya daha çok olabiliyor. Sahillere yakın olan ilçelerimizde fazla kayıplar ortaya çıkabiliyor. Mesela Bayrampaşa, Güngören sahil yakın değil ama yapı stokuna bağlı olarak sorunlar çıkıyor. O nedenle çok karmaşık durumla karşı karşıyayız. Buralara kesinlikle yapı yapılmasın denen çoğu da sahil kesiminde Avrupa Yakası'ndaki zeminler toplasanız yüzde 15'tir en kötü zemin. Çok büyük bir rakam değil, ama nüfus ve yapılaşma yoğunluğu oralarda fazla olmuş. Büyükçekmece ve Küçükçekmece göl havzası Sazlıdere Barajına kadar uzanan o havzada, Anadolu Yakası'nda sahillerde çok ciddi zemin sorunları var, sıvılaşma sorunları var" ifadelerini kullandı.
"10 METREYE, 12 METREYE VARAN TSUNAMİ..." Tsunami beklentiyle ilgili de konuşan Eyidoğan, "Ayrıca tsunami sorunları var. Son yapılan Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi'nin tsunami analizine göre 10 metreye, 12 metreye varan tsunami yükseklikleriyle karşılaşıyoruz. Yapılan hesaplar bunu gösteriyor. Hem deprem nedeniyle, hem de depremin tetiklediği heyelanlar nedeniyle, deniz içindeki heyelanlar nedeniyle. Bu heyelanlar da tsunamiye ek yapıyor" diye konuştu.
İSTANBUL'UN EN RİSKLİ ALANLARI İBB Deprem Risk Yönetimi ve Kentsel İyileştirme Daire Başkan Tayfun Kahraman ise, "Tamamen hasar tahmin çalışmaları üzerinden yapıyoruz. Bizden önceki dönemde de Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ile birlikte gerçekleştirilmiş olan çalışmalarda bizler İstanbul'da kaç binanın olası deprem senaryosuna göre zararlar görebileceğini biliyoruz. İstanbul'da 48 bin binanın ağır ve çok ağır hasar alması, 150 bine yakın binanın orta hasar alması bekleniyor. Yani İstanbul'da olası bir depremden sonra 200 bin binanın kullanılamaz hale geleceğini bunların bir kısmının çökebileceğini biliyoruz. Bu tabi ki İstanbul'da 3 milyon insanı ilgilendiren bir mesele ve çok büyük bir mesele. 3 milyon insan demek İstanbul nüfusunun neredeyse 5'te biri demek. Şimdi böyle nüfusu etkileyen bir olayla beraber bizim İBB olarak yapmamız gereken şey bu alanları önceliklendirmek. En yüksek risk hangi alanlarda, en yüksek riski barından binalar hangileri? Bunları tespit etmek ve ilk olarak bunlardan başlayarak müdahale haritalarını belirlemek. Şu anda geldiğimiz noktada bu müdahale haritaları belirlendi, alan seçimleri yapıldı. Bu alanlar içerisinde de en riskli binaları şu anda belirliyoruz. Arkadaşlarımız şu anda saha çalışıyorlar. Tek tek binalara giderek, binaların deprem kabiliyetlerini test ediyorlar. Buna göre de bir yol haritası hazırlayarak bu binaların hem devlet desteğiyle, hem İBB ile, hem de vatandaşların kendi öz kaynaklarıyla birlikte dönüşümleri nasıl sağlayacaklarıyla ilgili bir rota hazırlıyoruz. Özellikle fayın kırılması beklenen noktasına da en yakın bölgemi olan Fatih ilçemizden başlayarak Silivri ilçemize kadar kıyı bölgesi İstanbul'un en riskli alanlarını oluşturuyor. Şu anda bu bölgelere özellikle konsantre oluyoruz. Gerçekten de en büyük riskin İstanbul'daki en fazla 1999 depreminde de önce yapılmış binaların da bulunduğu alanlar bunlar. İstanbul'da 790 bin bina var 1999'dan önce yapılan, bu binaların 200 bin tanesinin biz depremde hasar almasını bekliyoruz. Önceliğimiz bunlara müdahale etmek" dedi.
"E-5 KARAYOLU GÜZERGAHINDA BİR SORUN YAŞANACAĞINI DÜŞÜNMÜYORUZ" Kahraman, deprem durumda acil müdahale yolları konusunda yaptıkları çalışmalarla ilgili de, "Bizim ilk önceliklendirdiğimiz aksımız yani acil müdahale yolumuz E-5 Karayolu aksımız. Bu anlamda E-5 aksımız üzerindeki tüm sanat yapıları dediğimiz köprüler, viyadükler şu anda deprem davranışları açısında inceleniyor. Bunların depremde olası bir hasar alıp almayacaklarına ilişkin incelemeler yapılıyor. Bunların bir hasar alma durumu varsa müdahaleler gerçekleştiriliyor. Bu anlamda E-5 güzergahında bir sorun yaşanacağını düşünmüyoruz. Fakat sahil yollarının olası bir tsunami ile kapanmasını bekliyoruz. Bu yolların acil durumda çok da kullanılır tutmamızın çok da bir anlamı yok çünkü gerçekten bir tsunami etkisiyle bu yollar kullanılamaz hale gelebilirler. Tsunami etkisini giderecek önlemleri de bir yandan konuşuyoruz" dedi.
TOPLANMA VE BARINMA ALANLARI İBB'nin deprem raporunun hazırlayan ekipte yer alan Şehir Planlama uzmanı Erhan Demirdizen ise, "Acil toplanma alanları, geçici barınma alanları ağır hasarlı ve yıkıma uğramış olan depremzedelerin, afetzedelerin belirli bir süreyle iskan edildikleri alanlar. Kent içerisinden olması gerekiyor. Belirli alt yapılardan, kanalizasyondan içme suyundan yararlanacak olması gerekiyor. Aslında belediyelerin doğrudan doğruya imar planı yetkileri içerisinden çözmeleri gereken konular. Fakat bu konularla mevzuat arasında irtibat yok, kurulmamış geçmişten beri. Burada bir kötü niyet olduğundan değil, bir şekilde öyle bir ihtiyaç duyulmamış bugüne kadar böyle gelmiş. Biz diyoruz ki bunları belediyenin imar yetkilerinin içerisine de dahil edelim ki belediyeler bu alanları imar planlarında güvence altına alsınlar, buralarda yanlış yapılaşmaları mümkün olduğunda engelleyelim. Depremler halinde bizim en ihtiyacımız olan alanlardan birisi tahliye yolları. Bunlar belli ama yolların üzerinde bir deprem halinde ihtiyacımız olan yol hacmini bulamıyoruz. Neden? Oralardaki ilçe belediyeleri veya farklı idareler çeşitli yöntemlerle kullanıma açmışlar veya otoparka dönüştürmüşler. Buraların tahliye yolu olarak bu niteliğini koruması lazım olası bir deprem anına kadar. Bunlarında belediyenin imar yetkileri içerisine dahil edilmeleri lazım. Bunlara yönelik hazırladığımız çok ayrıntılı bir rapor var" değerlendirmesinde bulundu.