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FinTek Hukuku alanında Avukatlık Nedir? Mükyen Hukuk Bürosu Kurucusu Av. Barış Mükyen FinTek (finansal teknoloji) hukukuna ilişkin sorularımızı yanıtladı. Mükyen, "Öncelikle FinTek (finansal teknoloji) kesin bir tanımı olmamakla beraber basite indirgemek gerekirse teknolojinin finans ve bankacılık alanında kullanılmasıdır." ifadelerini kullandı. takvim.com.tr Giriş Tarihi : 11 Eylül 2021 , 17:52 Güncelleme Tarihi : 11 Eylül 2021 , 17:52
Mükyen Hukuk Bürosu Kurucusu Av. Barış Mükyen FinTek (finansal teknoloji) hukukuna ilişkin sorularımızı yanıtladı.
FinTek nedir? Öncelikle FinTek (finansal teknoloji) kesin bir tanımı olmamakla beraber basite indirgemek gerekirse teknolojinin finans ve bankacılık alanında kullanılmasıdır. Yaklaşık yirmi yıldır, finans şirketleri rakiplerinin önüne geçmek adına ileri teknolojilere başvurmuş bu sayede finans ile teknoloji birbirini besleyen ve de birbirinden ayrı düşünülemez iki sektör haline dönüşmüştür.
Başlangıçta bu teknolojiler tüketici, ticaret ve finans kurumlarının alt yapılarını geliştirmek için kullanılsa da şu anda bankacılık yatırım ve hatta Bitcoin gibi kripto para birimleri de dahil olmak üzere geniş bir alana sahip olmuştur. İvedilikle ve devamlı gelişmekte olan bu sektör beraberinde hukuki regülasyon ihtiyacını getirmektedir.
Örneğin neredeyse hayatımızın her alanında nüfus etmiş olan aplikasyonlar, sosyal medya hesapları ya da e-ticaret kuruluşları ile kullanıcı üyelik bilgileri, gizlilik sözleşmeleri, bilgilendirme formları gibi hukuki kurallar gerektiren formlarla karşılaşmaktayız. Hatta bir temsilcisi olduğum Mükyen Hukuk olarak bizler de son günlerde çalışmalarımızı bu alanlarda yoğunlaştırmış durumdayız.
Kullanıcıların gizliliği adına önceki cümlede bahsedilen işlerin hukuki ölçütleri çok önemli olmakla beraber, üreticilerin marka tescil lisanslama gibi süreçlerinin takibinde de hukuku uygun hareket edilmesi büyük ehemmiyet taşımaktadır. Sözgelimi alışveriş yaparken oluşturulan dijital kimlikler bile aslından çok daha fazla bilgi ve veri taşımaktadır bu nedenle finansal teknoloji hukukuna mahremiyet ve kişisel veri koruma kapsamında ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Ek olarak fintek hukuku yeni düzenlemeler oluşturmakta ve şahsın haklarını koruma altına almaktadır. O nedenle finansal teknoloji alanına hukukçular ve bunlardan biri olan ben Barış Mükyen hatta ek olarak Mükyen Hukuk çatısı altındaki birçok avukat meslektaşım, bu alanlara dair regülasyonlardan ve ilerlemelerden her daim haberdar olmak çabası içerisindedir. Bu güncelliğe dair verilen efor ve gelişim çabalarının tüm hukuk camiamıza yayılması da yasaların oluşturulmasında etkin rol oynayabilecektir.
Dünyada finans teknolojisi hukukunun trendini ve ülkemizdeki bu alandaki düzenlemelere ihtiyaç durumundan söz eder misiniz ? Küresel konjünktüre bakıldığında Google, Apple, Amazon gibi büyük teknoloji isimlerinin FinTek alanına olan ilgisinin bir yansıması olarak bu alanda düzenlemeler ve oluşumlarda her geçen gün hızlanıyor. Bu hıza yetişmekte zorlanan hukuk trendleri sıklıkla revizyona gidiyor, aslına bakarsınız bu AB için de Türkiye için de böyle.
Örneğin Avrupa ülkeleri 2009 yılında güvenli ödeme hizmetleriyle ilgili bazı regülasyonlara gitmiş ve PSD (payment service directive) kanunu çıkarılmıştır akabinde 2015'te revizyona gidilerek güvenli ödeme hizmetleriyle ilgili alan genişletilerek PSD2 kanunu çıkarıldı. Ancak hala bu düzenlemelerle ilgili sıkıntıların devam ettiği görülmekte.
Türkiye'ye bakıldığında ise yasal düzenlemeler açısından AB'nin gerisinden geldiğini söylemek mümkün, fakat Türkiye'de dinamik olan bu sektörün AB'yi yakalama potansiyeli sahip olduğu da bir gerçek. Örneğin 2021 yılında yapılan bazı düzenlemelerden bahsetmek gerekirse; açık bankacılık, uzaktan kimlik tespiti, kripto varlıklara dair düzenlemeler bunlardan birkaçı. Farklarına gelirsek Avrupa'da olduğu gibi Türk hukukunda yerleşik bir FinTek kavrımı bulunmamaktadır.
Bunun yanında mevcut hukukumuzda FinTek şirketleri için ayrı lisans yükümlülükleri öngören hukuki düzenlemeler de mevcut değildir. Bunun sonucu olarak da, ülkemizde FinTekler söz konusu olduğunda mevzuat hükümlerinden hareketle bir değerlendirme yapılması gerekmektedir. Baroların son dönemlerde finans teknoloji alanında, bilişim hukuku entegreli bir eğitim programına hazırlandığını biliyoruz. Meslektaş avukatların mutlaka bu programlardan faydalanmasını öneririm.
Peki Finans Teknolojisi hukukunun geldiği seviye Türkiye'de ne noktadır? Az öncede belirttiğim gibi ülkemizde FinTek şirketlerinin hukuki konumları tam anlamıyla düzenlenmemiş olup fazlasıyla serbesti göze çarpmaktadır. Türk hukuku özelinde bakıldığında bu gelişimi takip eden ve mevzuata uygun hukuki düzenlemeler mevcut değildir.
Fakat 2020 ve 2021 yıllarına bakıldığında FinTek alanında önemli bazı regülasyonlar yaşanmıştır. Karekod yönetmeliği, kripto para regülasyonları, bankalarca uzaktan kimlik tespiti, dijital bankacılık son iki yılda düzenlemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Kurucusu olduğum Mükyen Hukuk bünyesindeki son dönem uyuşmazlık taleplerinin dağılımında Finans Teknolojisi giderek ağırlıklı bir yer edinmeye başladı.
Avukat Barış Mükyen, genç meslektaşlarına bu alanda uzmanlaşmayı tavsiye ediyor mu? Yakın dönemlere kadar Y kuşağına değin teknoloji, finans piyasalarını destekleyici bir biçimde konumlandırılmasını sürdürmekteydi. Ancak e-ticaret alanındaki yatırımların dönüt kazanımları, kripto varlıkların dünya ekonomisine alternatif bir model sunması ve buna ek olarak sosyal medya alanlarının ciddi ticari faaliyet alanları haline gelmesi ile bu durum daha bitişik bir ilişki halini aldı.
Buradan hareketle de Z kuşağı jenerasyonu için bir dip dalga olarak başlayan bu trend, bugünlerde yüksek bir sıçrama ile ilerlemektedir. Ancak ilgili alanlarla alakalı olarak hukuki zeminin oturtulmasının ana unsuru bu teknolojik süreç ve gelişmelere hakimiyetin sağlanmasıdır.
Bu hakimiyetle beraber hukuk camiası ve yargı erklerinin de katkısı ile bu alandaki düzenlemelerin hızlıca hayata geçirilebilmesi mümkün olabilecektir. İşte fintek alanında bu habitatın yaratılmasının kaçınılmaz olduğu atmosferde, genç meslektaşlarımın bu alan üzerinde uzmanlaşma çalışmaları yapmalarını şiddetle tavsiye ediyorum.
Finans teknoloji alanında avukatın rolü nedir? Hukuk öğrencilerine bu uzmanlaşmaya dair tavsiyeleriniz var mıdır? Finans teknolojisinden söz edildiğinde teknolojinin temel dayanağı olarak kabul edilen global olma unsuru da otomatik olarak beraberinde gelmektedir. Globalliğin kapısını genç avukat arkadaşlarımız için aralayacak olan ise öncelikle doğru kaynaklara ulaşabilme ve bunları idraki için iyi seviyede bir İngilizce seviyesine ulaşmalarıdır.
Kaynak taraması bakımından yalnızca baro kaynakları ve yerel araştırmalardan ibaret ilerlenmesi durumunda bu globallik unsurundan söz edilemez ve tabii olarak da istenilen seviyede bir ilerleme de kat edilemez. Buna ek olarak ise Finans Teknolojisi alanındaki gelişim ve doğru avukatlık hizmetleri verebilmek için hukukun alanlarında genel olarak minimal bir hakimiyet durumu olmalıdır. Fintek hukuku multidisipliner bir alan olduğundan diğer hukuk alanlarına da hâkim olmayı gerektiriyor olması kaçınılmazdır.
Aşamalı bir gelişimi tavsiye ederek belirtmeliyim ki sonra ki evrelerde ise bu alanda yüksek lisans öğrenimi görebilir ya da Amerika veya İngiltere gibi finans teknolojisi alanında lokomotif görevi gören öncü ülkelerde fintech sertifikasyon programlarına katılabilirsiniz. Ardından bir Fintek hukuku kapsamında uzmanlaştığınızda, faaliyet izni almak isteyen start-uplara hukuki hizmet, BDDK ve TCMB tarafından denetlenen kuruluşlara regülasyon, lisanslama süreçleri gibi alanlarda avukatlık hizmeti verebilirsiniz.