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Sanal para ların çok hızlı bir değer artışı sağlaması, popülerleşme sürecini de hızlandırdı ve medyada "2010 yılında 100 dolarlık Bitcoin alsaydınız şu an 73 milyon dolarınız vardı" başlıklı birçok haber çıktı. 1 Eylül'de en yüksek seviyesini 5 bin 13 dolar (günün dolar kuruyla 16 bin 950 TL) ile gören Bitcoin'in yanı sıra, isimleri kamuoyu tarafından bilinmeyen başka sanal paralar da değer kazanmaya başladı. Hâl böyle olunca, yılsonunda piyasa değeri 200 milyar dolar olması beklenen sanal paralara da rağbet artıyor ve bu hareketlenmelere ülkeler de kayıtsız kalamıyor.
BITCOIN İLE BAŞLAYAN SANAL PARA FURYASI 2008 yılında hayatımıza giren Bitcoin , Satoshi Nakamato takma adını kullanan Avustralyalı Craig Wright tarafından kuruldu ve insanların kullanımına sunuldu. Deneysel olarak başlayan bu sistem, bugün farklı bir boyuta ulaştı ve Bitcoin benzeri birçok sanal para birimi türedi.
Kullanıcı sayısı milyonlara ulaşan bu sanal para sistemlerinin fiziksel bir karşılığı bulunmuyor. Ancak elinizde bulundurduğunuz sanal paralarla internet alışverişi yapabiliyor; çeşitli exchange sitelerinde Türk lirasına ya da dövize çevirebiliyor; farklı ürünleri sanal paranızla takas ederek ticaret yapabiliyorsunuz.
Merkezi otoriteye ya da aracı kuruma bağlı olmayan sanal paralar, herhangi bir ülkenin merkez bankasına bağlı olmadığı için hiçbir ülkenin ekonomik durumundan etkilenmiyorlar. Bunun yanında, hesapların dondurulması, el konulması gibi durumlar da söz konusu değil.
Bugün, Bitcoin açık ara önde olsa da, çeşitli sanal para birimleri onu takip ediyor. Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, Ripple, Litecoin, NEM, Dash, IOTA, Monero ve Ethereum Classic bunlardan sadece bazıları.
SİSTEM NASIL İŞLİYOR? Sanal para nın öncülerinden olan Bitcoin , manifestosunda ifade edildiği şekliyle, merkezi bir otorite tarafından kontrol edilemeyen, özgürlükçü bir ödeme sistemi geliştirme düşüncesi ile ortaya çıktı ve ilk olarak liberal, anarşist düşüncelere sahip bireyler tarafından kullanıldı.
Dağınık yapıda ve ağ temelli olan sanal para birimi Bitcoin'in, düzenleyici bir otoritesi veya merkezi bulunmuyor. Alıcı ve satıcı arasında Bitcoin hesapları üzerinden, herhangi bir aracı kişi ya da kuruluşa ihtiyaç olmadan işlemler gerçekleştiriliyor.
Bir Bitcoin hesabı açmak, banka hesabı açmak için gerekli prosedür ve verilen teminatlar düşünüldüğünde, internette bir program indirmek kadar kolay. Güçlü matematiksel algoritmalarla kriptolandığı için kullanılan bir Bitcoin hesabı ile IP eşleşmesi yapmak ise, oldukça zor. Bu durum kullanıcıya anonimlik sağlıyor ve suç eğilimi olanlar için bu para birimini cazip kılıyor.
Sistemin reel paradan bir diğer farkı ise, yazılım geliştirilirken Bitcoin arzının 21 milyon ile sınırlandırılması. 21 milyonuncu Bitcoin algoritması çözüldüğünde, son Bitcoin üretilmiş olacak ve bir daha üretim gerçekleştirilemeyecek. Şimdiye dek, piyasada yaklaşık olarak 12 milyon Bitcoin işlem gördü, 9 milyon Bitcoin keşfedilmeyi bekliyor.
"SANAL PARA" DEVLETLERİN DE MERCEĞİ ALTINDA Sanal para lar sundukları teknoloji ve kazançla hükümetlerin de radarına girmiş durumda. Bu ülkelerin başında ise, küçük bir ülke olmasına rağmen teknoloji alanındaki girişkenliği ile tanınan Estonya geliyor. Geçtiğimiz ay yapılan açıklamada, sanal para geliştirmek için ilk resmi adımı atan ülke olan Estonya, "Estcoin" adını verdikleri dijital paranın değerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla çalışmalara başladı.
Japonya, Bitcoin 'i bir ödeme aracı olarak kabul etti. Rusya Devlet Başkanı Vladimir Putin ise, sanal para birimi olan Ethereum'a destek vererek, Haziran ayında Ethereum'un yaratıcısı Vitalik Buterin ile görüştü ve Rus teknoloji firmalarıyla ortak proje geliştirilmesi tavsiyesinde bulundu.
Çin'in sanal paralara yasak getireceğini açıklamasının ardından, Bitcoin ve Ethereum büyük değer kaybetmişti. Ancak Çin, sanal parayı tam anlamıyla reddedemedi. Çin'in başkanlığında gerçekleştirilen BRICS (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin ve Güney Afrika) zirvesinde, Rusya ile ortak sanal para üretme kararı alındı. Böylece dolara karşı yürütülen kur savaşının sanal cephesi oluşturulmuş oldu.
DÜNYACA ÜNLÜ KURULUŞLAR SANAL PARAYA YÖNELDİLER İngiltere merkezli bir inşaat firması, Dubai'de yapacağı 325 milyon dolar değerindeki 653 daireyi, Bitcoin ile satacağını açıkladı. Bu adım, müşterilere büyük bir projede Bitcoin ile ödeme imkânı sunulması ve dijital para birimlerinin ana akım finans araçlarından birine dönüşmesi nedeniyle tarihte bir ilk olarak görülüyor. Projeye göre 33 Bitcoin'e, 150 bin dolarlık stüdyo daire, 54 Bitcoin'e 250 bin dolarlık 1+1 daire ve 80 Bitcoin'e 380 bin dolarlık 2+1 daire satın alınabilecek. 480 dairenin klasik yöntemlerle satıldığı projede, geri kalan 653 dairenin Bitcoin sistemi ile satılması hedefleniyor.
Paypal, Microsoft, Dell, Sacramento Kings gibi dünyaca ünlü birçok kuruluş Bitcoin'i kullanıyor ve yatırımlarını sanal para alanına yapıyor. Yazıcılarıyla bilinen teknoloji firması Xerox, yakın zamanda sanal paraların altyapısını oluşturan blockchain teknolojisine yatırım yapacağını açıkladı. Microsoft ise, bu alandaki en büyük işleri yapan Initiative for Cryptocurrencies and Contracts (IC3) araştırmalarına dâhil olacağını duyurdu.
Bireylerin, hükümetlerin ve kuruluşların sanal paraya olan ilgisine bankalar da kayıtsız kalamadı. İsviçre menşeili UBS'in kurduğu sanal para sistemine Barclays, Credit Suisse, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, HSBC, MUFG ve State Street'in de içinde olduğu on büyük banka dâhil oldu. Bankaların bu sistemin içine girmesinin diğer büyük sanal paraları yok edebileceği tahmin ediliyor. Ortak sanal para ise, bankalar için hız ve verimlilikte artış anlamına geliyor.
TÜRKİYE'DE SANAL PARA YASAL MI? Ülkemizde sanal para nın yasal olmadığına dair herhangi bir düzenleme bulunmuyor ve en popüler sanal para birimi Bitcoin 'i kabul eden şirketler oldukça kısıtlı. 2013 yılında, Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu (BDDK) kurumu tarafından yapılan basın açıklamasında, Bitcoin ile ilgili herhangi bir siber saldırı durumunda devlet güvencesinin olmadığı kamuoyuna sunuldu.
Açıklamada, "Herhangi bir resmi ya da özel kuruluş tarafından ihraç edilmeyen ve karşılığı için güvence verilmeyen bir sanal para birimi olarak bilinen Bitcoin, mevcut yapısı ve işleyişi itibarıyla Kanun kapsamında elektronik para olarak değerlendirilmemekte, bu nedenle de söz konusu Kanun çerçevesinde gözetim ve denetimi mümkün görülmemektedir. Diğer taraftan, Bitcoin ve benzeri sanal paralar ile gerçekleştirilen işlemlerde tarafların kimliklerinin bilinmemesi, söz konusu sanal paraların yasadışı faaliyetlerde kullanılması için uygun bir ortam yaratmaktadır. Ayrıca Bitcoin, piyasa değerinin aşırı oynak olabilmesi, dijital cüzdanların çalınabilmesi, kaybolabilmesi veya sahiplerinin bilgileri dışında usulsüz olarak kullanılabilmesi gibi risklerin yanı sıra yapılan işlemlerin geri döndürülemez olmasından dolayı operasyonel hatalardan ya da kötü niyetli satıcıların suistimalinden kaynaklı risklere de açıktır" İfadelerine yer verilerek, Bitcoin'in sakıncalarından bahsedildi.
OLANAKLAR NELER? Enflasyondan etkilenme riski yok: Enflasyonun sebeplerinden biri olan tedavüldeki reel para arzının artması, enflasyonu da artırır. Ancak Bitcoin 'in sınırlı yapısı, teknik tasarımı nedeniyle maksimum 21 milyon Bitcoin üretme imkânı sağladığı için, enflasyon riski düşüktür.
Değer kaybetme olasılığı düşük: Reel para birimleri, hükümetlerde yaşanan hiperenflasyonlar nedeniyle çökebilir. Bitcoin sistemi ise, herhangi bir şahsa, merkeze veya hükümete bağlı olmadığı için çökme olasılığı oldukça düşüktür.
Güvenli, pratik ve ucuz: Kredi kartı veya PayPal gibi ödeme sistemlerinin kullanıldığı online işlemlerde satıcı, alıcının parasını geri talep etmesi durumunda aracı servis kullanmak durumunda kalıyor. Bu aşamada güvenlik tehlikeye girebiliyor ve durum karmaşık bir hâl alabiliyor. Bitcoin'de ise, geri talep etme durumu olmadığı için bir güvenlik sorunu yaşanmıyor. Alıcı tarafından bakıldığında ise, ödeme yapma ve hesaplar arası para transferi yapma gibi işlemler daha güvenli ve daha ucuz. Çünkü Bitcoin teknolojisi peer to peer (P2P) sistemiyle (hiçbir aracı olmadan direkt eşlerarası) çalışıyor.
Taşıma kolaylığı: Milyarlarca dolar değerindeki Bitcoinler nakit taşıma mecburiyeti olmadan, küçük bir hafıza kartında bile taşınabiliyor.
SANAL PARA NE GİBİ RİSKLER BARINDIRIYOR? Yasadışı ticarete sebep olabilir: Sanal para nın izinin sürülemez olması, yasadışı birçok eylemin rahatla işlenebilmesi sonucunu doğurabilir. Uyuşturucu gibi yasal olmayan maddelerin ticaretine sebebiyet verebilir. Birçok ülkenin sanal para birimlerini kabul etmemelerinin başında bu neden yer alıyor.
Kaybetmesi kolay, geri dönüşü yok: Başkası tarafından ele geçirilen para kartınız veya banka hesabınızı, bankanıza veya polise ulaşarak kurtarıp kaybınızı giderebilirsiniz. Ancak sanal para sistemlerinde böyle bir durum söz konusu değil. Kaybınızı geri alabileceğiniz bir mekanizma bulunmuyor.
Alıp satmak zor: Taşıdığı riskler nedeniyle, sanal paranızı bir ürün satın alır gibi alıp satmak kolay değil. Gelişme sürecinde olmasına rağmen bu sistem, reel para birimlerinde olduğu kadar basit ve hızlı ilerlemiyor.
Yeni ve rekabete açık bir sistem: 2008 yılında kurulan Bitcoin sistemi, peşinden birçok muadilini sürükledi. Ancak bu sistemler hala çok yeni ve rakiplerinin gün geçtikçe artması nedeniyle rekabete çok açık.
Harcama alanı dar: Sanal para, ödeme sistemi olarak çok fazla yerde kullanılmıyor. Şu anda gelişim sürecinde olan bu sisteme dâhil olanlar, yatırım dışında bir şey gerçekleştiremiyorlar.
Değişken olabilir: Sanal para birimlerinin değerlerinin gün geçtikçe artması, bu alana yatırımı artırabilir. Ancak, değerinin hızla yükselmesi, hızla düşmesine de sebep olabilir.
Kaynak: FİKRİYAT