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Musul masada kaybedildi Petrol kokusunun eşlik ettiği bir kurtlar sofrası Musul. SABAH, 1514’te Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Çaldıran seferiyle Osmanlı topraklarına kattığı ve Lozan’da masada kaybedilen Musul’un tarihi yolculuğuna ışık tutuyor takvim.com.tr Giriş Tarihi : 25 Ekim 2016 , 00:00 Güncelleme Tarihi : 25 Ekim 2016 , 01:44
Türkiye sınırına uzaklığı sadece 104 kilometre olan Musul'un Anadolu'dan fiziken koparılışı, Türk hükümetinin Lozan'da bölgeyle ilgili ihtilafta son kararı İngiltere'nin etkisindeki Milletler Cemiyeti'ne bırakmasıyla gerçekleşti. Duhok, Erbil, Süleymaniye ve Kerkük'ü içine alan ve Osmanlı devletine bağlı olan Musul bölgesi, hem devletin hem de milletin zihin haritasında o günden beri hep var oldu. Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ın, "Suriye ve Irak'ta olanları yaşarken, yeni nesil bir şeyi çok iyi bilmeli. Acaba Misak-ı Milli nedir? Bunu iyi kavrarsak, anlarsak Suriye ve Irak'taki sorumluluğumuzun ne olduğunu anlarız. Eğer bugün 'Musul üzerinde bizim sorumluluğumuz var, onun için hem masada hem de arazide olacağız' diyorsak, bunun bir nedeni var" açıklamasıyla Misak-ı Milli ve Musul konusu yeniden gündeme geldi.
MİSAK-I MİLLİ NEDİR? NEREYİ KAPSAR? Milli Yemin anlamına gelen Misak-ı Milli, Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi'nin 28 Ocak 1920'deki gizli oturumunda kabul edilen ve 18 Şubat tarihli oturumda Edirne Mebusu Şeref Bey'in önergesiyle tüm dünyaya ilan edilen belgenin adı. Ancak bu manifestoda, sınırın nereden geçeceği konusunda yer adı belirtilmediği için Misak-ı Milli haritası ilkesel olarak da tanımlanabilir. Fakat Mustafa Kemal, 1 Mayıs 1920'deki Meclis konuşmasında ve son olarak 30 Ocak 1923'teki açıklamasındaki Misak-ı Milli sınırlarını şu şekilde tarif etmişti: "Bu hudut İskenderun körfezinin güneyinden, Antakya'dan, Halep ile Katma istasyonu arasında Cerablus köprüsünün güneyinde Fırat Nehri'ne ulaşır. Oradan Deyrizor'a iner, oradan doğuya uzatılarak Musul, Kerkük ve Süleymaniye'yi içine alır."
PARİS KONFERASI'NDA BELİRLENDİ İşte bu sınırlar Osmanlı devletinden sonra kurulan Türkiye'nin yeni haritasıydı. Eski Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürü Mustafa Budak, Misak-ı Milli'de bahsedilen genel kriterlerin açılımı için Paris'te 1919'da yapılan Paris Konferansı'na bakmak gerektiğini kaydederek, oradaki hassasiyetin Misak-ı Milli'ye yansıdığını ve birçok maddenin de birbirine benzediğini söyledi. Mustafa Budak, "Fransa, İngiltere, İtalya, Japonya ve ABD gibi ülkelerin katıldığı konferansta Halep, Musul, Erbil, Süleymaniye, Kerkük, Nahcıvan, Batum, Selanik ve Lazkiye'ye kadar olan coğrafya ile yeni sınırımız belirlenmiştir. En somut bilgi ve tespit bu anlaşmada vardır. Bu hat, aynı zamanda Arap- Türkiye milli sınırı olarak da kabul edilmiştir. Bu bir deklarasyondur" diye konuştu.
ANTLAŞMADAN SONRA HİÇ BAHSEDİLMEDİ Bugün sıcak çatışmalara sahne olan Musul, görüleceği üzere hem dünya devletlerinin 1919'da Paris Konferansı'yla kabul ettiği bir Türk toprağıydı hem de Misak-ı Milli'de bu durum açıkça belirtilmişti. Kurtuluş mücadelesinin meşruiyet zeminini de oluşturan Misak-ı Milli'yi 24 Temmuz 1923'te imzalanan Lozan Antlaşması ile rafa kaldırdık ve Misak-ı Milli ile çerçevesini çizdiğimiz bütün bu bölgelerden vazgeçtik. Öyle ki Lozan öncesinde Misak-ı Milli'ye çok defalar vurgu yapan Mustafa Kemal de Lozan'dan sonra Misak-ı Milli'den neredeyse artık hiç bahsetmeyecekti.
"LOZAN'DA BİLE BİLE LADES DENİLDİ" Tarihçi-yazar Ahmet Anapalı 1. Meclis'te Lozan'a karşı çıkan ve Misak-ı Milli'yi savunan bütün vekillerin dışlandığını ve Lozan'ı imzalayacak kişilerden oluşan 2. Meclis'in kurulduğunu belirtti: "24 Temmuz 1924'ten sonra Musul konusu Milletler Cemiyeti'nde görüşülmeye başlandı. Cemiyet, İngiltere'nin anlayışı doğrultusunda 3 kişilik bir komisyon seçti. Komisyonda Macar Kont Teleki, Belçikalı Albay Poulis, İsveçli A. Virsn bulunuyordu. Yani durumun vahametine bakınız ki Musul'un kaderini belirlemek için seçilen heyette bir tane bile Musullu veya Türkiyeli uzman yok ve bu duruma itiraz eden biri de yoktu. Cemiyet, hazırlanan yanlı rapor doğrultusunda Musul ve çevresinin Irak'a verilmesini ve İngiliz mandası altında bırakılmasını kararlaştırdı." Mustafa Budak ise Musul'un Lozan'ı kilitleyen en önemli mesele olduğunu belirterek şöyle dedi: "Mustafa Kemal ve hükümet bakıyor ki bu konuda direnirsek orada bir barış anlaşmasını çıkarmak pek mümkün değil. En önemli sıralama yapıp, barışı önceliyorlar ve Musul meselesini öteliyorlar. Bile bile ladestir bu. Zaten dönemin Dışişleri Bakanı Tevfik Rüştü Aras açıkça itiraf ederek, 'Musul meselesinde fedakarlıkta bulunduk' diyor." 1926'da imzalanan Ankara Antlaşması'yla bölgedeki petrol gelirinin yüzde 25'inin Türkiye'ye verilmesine karşılık Musul ve Kerkük'e acı bir veda ettik. Ancak Misak-ı Milli hassasiyeti ve aklı devletin her zaman hafızasında var olacaktı.
Musul çok değil, 90 yıl öncesine kadar bizim toprağımızdı. Lozan ve ardından Ankara Antlaşması ile veda ettiğimiz bu coğrafya, zihnimizde hep milli bir ukde olarak yer etti. Misak-ı Milli ile bütün dünyaya buraların bize ait olduğunu ilan etmiş olsak da şartlar ya da basiretsizlikler nedeniyle Lozan'da bile bile lades yapıp Musul'a veda etmek zorunda kaldık. Bugün "Musul'da, Kerkük'te ne işimiz var?" diye soranların Musul'u göz göre göre masa başında nasıl kaybettiğimizi hatırlamaları lazım. Zira, Musul meselesi kapanmış bir mesele değildir. Ortadoğu'da kartlar yeniden dağıtılırken, bizim en önemli kartımız ve senedimiz olan Misak-ı Milli'yi yeniden hatırlamak ve hatırlatmak gerekiyor.
Misak-ı Milli'nin orijinal belgesi MİSAK-I MİLLİ KARARLARI 1. Mondros Ateşkesi imzalandığı sırada işgal edilmemiş bölgeler kesin Türk yurdudur, parçalanamaz.
2. Kars, Ardahan ve Batum'da (Elviye-i Selase) gerekirse referanduma gidilecektir.
3. Araplar kendi geleceklerini kendileri (referandum) belirleyecektir.
4. Batı Trakya'nın geleceği referandumla belirlenecektir.
5. İstanbul, Marmara ve halifenin güvenliği sağlandığı takdirde, Boğazlar trafiğe açılacaktır.
6. Azınlıklara, diğer ülkelerdeki Türk azınlığa tanınan haklar tanınacaktır.
7. Siyasi, mali ve adli gelişmemizi engelleyen sınırlamalar kabul edilemez.
DERS KİTAPLARINDA DEĞİŞİKLİK YAPILDI Mustafa Budak (Eski Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürü): 1930'lu yıllardaki ders kitaplarında Misak-ı Milli konusunu ele alan bölümlerde değişiklik yapıldı. Türkiye'yi yayılmacı bir devlet olduğu suçlamalarından uzaklaştırmak için ana metinde yer alan 'Mütareke hattının içinde ve dışında" ibaresinden 'dışındaki' ifadesi çıkartıldı.
H.Salih ZENGİN/SABAH