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Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (TCMB ), 3 Kasım'dan itibaren Banka lararası Para Piyasası'nda bankaların borç alabilme limitlerinin sıfırlandığını, Açık Piyasa İşlemleri kapsamında Türk lirası cinsi kira sertifikaları karşılığında kotasyon yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen gecelik vadeli repo işlemlerinin durdurulduğunu bildirdi. Duyuruda ayrıca, fiyat istikrarı ve finansal istikrar hedefleri doğrultusunda para politikası ve likidite yönetimi çerçevesinde gerekli tüm araçların kararlı bir şekilde kullanılmaya devam edileceği vurgulandı. Öte yandan repo ise; kısa vadeli bir menkul kıymetin, belli bir dönem sonunda ilk satıcısı tarafından geri alınmasını garanti eden bir işlem türüdür. Daha kısa haliyle; bir menkul kıymetin belli bir fiyata satılıp, bir süre sonra yine belli bir fiyattan alınmasını içeren anlaşmadır.
Duyuruda, "Likidite yönetimi kapsamında atılan sıkılaştırma adımları çerçevesinde, 3 Kasım 2020'den geçerli olmak üzere TCMB bünyesinde faaliyette bulunan Bankalararası Para Piyasası'nda bankaların borç alabilme limitleri (BAL) sıfırlanmış, Açık Piyasa İşlemleri kapsamında Türk lirası cinsi kira sertifikaları karşılığında kotasyon yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen gecelik vadeli repo işlemleri durdurulmuştur." ifadelerine yer verildi.
Duyuruda ayrıca, fiyat istikrarı ve finansal istikrar hedefleri doğrultusunda para politikası ve likidite yönetimi çerçevesinde gerekli tüm araçların kararlı bir şekilde kullanılmaya devam edileceği vurgulandı.
Repo nedir?
Kısa vadeli bir menkul kıymetin, belli bir dönem sonunda ilk satıcısı tarafından geri alınmasını garanti eden bir işlem türüdür. Daha kısa haliyle; bir menkul kıymetin belli bir fiyata satılıp, bir süre sonra yine belli bir fiyattan alınmasını içeren anlaşmadır.
Para piyasası araçlarından önemli farkları vardır. Bu farklardan en önemlisi; bu işlemde bir menkul kıymetin gerçek vadesinin alıcı ve satıcının ihtiyaçlarını karşılaması amacıyla kısaltılmasıdır.
Kısa vadeli bir borç lanma şekli olarak da bilinen bu işlemlerin vadeleri oran, dönem veya tenör gibi isimler alır. Güvenli bir yatırım aracı olarak kabul edilir ve be nedenle yatırımcılardan ilgi görür.
Genellikle sermaye artırımı için kullanılan bu yatırım aracı, menkul kıymetlerin veya diğer yatırımların alınmasını finanse etme amacı taşır.
İşte, Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu (SPK) tarafından belirlenmiş olan repo işlemlerine konu olabilecek yatırım araçları;
Devlet tahvili,
Hazine bonosu,
Banka bonosu,
Banka garantili bono,
Kamu Ortaklığı İdaresi,
Toplu Konut İdaresi'nce ihraç edilen borçlanma senetleri,
Borsada işlem gören borçlanma senetleri
Repo işleminde menkul kıymetler, müşteriye teslim edilmeden, Merkez Bankası nın bloke hesaplarında veya Borsa İstanbul Takas ve Saklama AŞ.'de depo edilir. Teslim etmek yerine bir makbuz düzenlenir ve müşteri vade dolduğu zaman makbuzu sayesinde ödemesini alır.
Birikimlerinizi güvenli ve sabit getirili bir şekilde değerlendirmek amacıyla kullanabileceğiniz bu işlem, son dönemlerde sıkça tercih edilmektedir. Güvenli yatırım araçlarının repo edilmesi ile kısa vadeli belli bir kazanç elde etmeniz mümkündür.
Kendi içinde ayrışan bu işlemin çeşitlerini aşağıda detaylı bir şekilde anlattık. Kullanıcılar, ihtiyaç veya tercihlerine göre dilediği çeşidi seçmekte özgürdür.
Düz Repo
Bir menkul kıymeti, belli bir tarihte belli bir fiyattan geri alma taahhüdü ile yapılan satış işlemidir. Yani, belirlenen vadede geri satın almanın gerçekleşeceği garantidir.
Bu işleme konu olan menkul kıymetler, teminat özelliği taşır. Kısa vadeli borç verme durumu söz konusudur. Vade süresi bittiğinde ise borç verilen para faiz i ile birlikte geri alınır. Riskin varlığından söz edilemez.
Ters Repo
Yatırımcının bir aracı kurum ile yaptığı işlemleri ifade eder. Bir menkul kıymetin, işlem başlangıç valöründen alınması ve bitiş valöründen geri satılması işlemidir. Valör, banka cılıkta işlemlerin gerçekleştiği tarihtir.
Bunu yapan taraf, parayı kullandıran taraftır ve geri satış taahhüdü ile menkul kıymeti alır. Diğer taraf ise paraya sahiptir. Bu işlemde düz repoda olduğu gibi menkul kıymet geri alınmak üzere satılmaz.
Söz konusu bu uygulamada işleme konu olan yatırım aracının geri satılması üzerine alım söz konusudur. Borç veren üzerinden tanımlanan bir işlemdir.
Menkul kıymeti alan kişi, borç vermiş olur ve aldığı menkul kıymetleri anlaşmayla belirlenen tarihte faiziyle beraber teslim eder.
Gecelik Repo
Repo piyasasında en fazla ciroya sahip kalem olarak bilinir. Gecelik işlemlerin yapılabildiği ülkelerde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir türdür.
Bu işlem türünde vade 1 gündür. Aksi kararlaştırılmadığı sürece valör aynı gün olarak belirlenir. Nihai takas ise ertesi gün gerçekleşir. Eğer, valör Cuma günüyse teslimat Pazartesi gerçekleştirilir.
Gecelik işlemler, kurumlar aracılığıyla aynı gün valörlü yapılır. Gecelik repo faiz i ise Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (TCMB ) tarafından belirlenir. Para Politikası Kurulu toplantılarında alınan bir karardır.
Bir hafta vadeli repo ihale faiz oranı, 1 Haziran 2018 tarihinden itibaren politika faizi olarak anılmaya başlanmıştır. TCMB, gecelik vadede borç lanma ve borç verme oranlarının bir hafta vadeli repo ihale faiz oranına göre +/- 150 baz puanlık marjla belirlenmesine karar vermiştir.
Repo, özellikle enflasyonun yüksek olduğu dönemlerde daha fazla kar getirebilmektedir. Gecelik repo faizi TCMB tarafından belirlendikten sonra, vadesine göre kazancında da değişim olur. Yani, vade uzadıkça faiz oranı artar. Bu işlemler aynı zamanda piyasanın likidite ihtiyacını karşılama anlamında da fayda sağlar.
Açık Repo
Vadesi belirsiz olarak yapılan işlemleri ifade eder. Taraflar, önceden belirtmek şartıyla yapılan sözleşmeyi herhangi bir tarihte sonlandırabilir. Fakat o ana kadar günlük repo olarak kabul edilir. Burada işleme konu olan menkul kıymet ve nakit para günlük olarak değerlendirilir.
Karşılıksız (Fiktif) Repo
Gerekenden fazla yapıldığı durumda olumsuz sonuçlar doğurabilen bu türde iki durum söz konusudur. İlkinde; işleme konu olan sermaye piyasası aracı, satan tarafın portföyünde olmamasına rağmen işlem gerçekleşir. Bu işlemde el değiştiren yatırım aracı değil, teslim eden makbuz veya dekonttur.
İkincisinde ise aynı tutar ve tanımdaki menkul kıymet, birden fazla gerçek kişiye birden fazla işlem yapılarak satılır. Böylece açığa satış durumu ortaya çıkar. Bu türde; işlemlerin biri gerçek, kalanlar ise hayali olarak kabul edilir.
Sürekli Repo
İlk anlaşma tarihiyle belirlenen vade sonunda, sözleşme taraflarından herhangi birinin ihbarı olmadan reponun otomatik olarak yenilenmesi söz konusudur. Bu türe genellikle overnight veya çok kısa vadelerle yapılan işlemlerde rastlanır.
İşlem birden fazla günü kapsayabilir. Gecelik reponun her gün şartlar yeniden oluşturularak birden fazla güne sarkması işlemi olarak da düşünebilirsiniz.
Vadeye Kadar Repo
Anlaşmada belirlenen vadenin sona erme tarihi, repo edilen yatırım aracının faiz veya kupon ödeme günüyle aynıdır.
Bu tür genellikle portföylerinde yüksek getirili yatırım aracı bulunan; ama yatırım araçlarını elden çıkarmadan getirisini elde etmek isteyen gerçek ya da tüzel kişiler tarafından tercih edilir.
Döviz Swapı Repoları
Adından da anlaşılacağı üzere döviz leri esas alan bir işlem türüdür. Dolayısıyla piyasadaki anlık fiyat hareketleri işlemin seyri açısından önem taşır.
İşleme konu olan yatırım aracına benzer kalitede bir teminat söz konusudur. Vadeli döviz piyasayı aracılığıyla yatırımcı, herhangi bir döviz cinsinden yapılan işlemlerden avantaj sağlayabilir.
Esnek Repo
Yatırımcı açısından oldukça avantajlı bir işlemdir çünkü bu işlem türünde kendisine bazı haklar tanınır.
Parasını karşı tarafa borç olarak veren yatırımcı, sözleşmede belirlenmiş vade ve tarihte parasının bir bölümünü geri alma hakkına sahiptir. Bunun yanı sıra önceden belirlenmiş bir faiz oranından ödeme gerçekleştirebilme hakkı da kendisine tanınmıştır.
Yani yatırımcı, ödünç verdiği para açısından sahip olacağı likit imkan ile belli bir faiz oranından ödeme yapma hakkına sahiptir.