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Son tarih uyarısı yapıldı! Hemen dilekçenizi verin! Emekli olmak isteyenlere avantaj! Yüksek maaş... Ömür boyu alınacak emekli aylığının düşük olmaması için bütün çalışanlar ellerinden geleni yapmak ister. Emekli aylık larının hesaplanması yönteminde memur, kendi hesabına çalışan ve işçi ayrımı söz konusu. Bunun yanı sıra çeşitli dönemlerde yapılan sosyal güvenlik reformları ile sadece emekli olma yaşı değil emekli aylığı hesaplama yöntemleri de değiştiği için birkaç farklı hesap dönemi var. Bu yılın sonuna kadar emeklilik dilekçesini verirseniz; emekli aylığınız 2019 yılı gelişme hızı, güncelleme katsayısı kriterlerine göre hesaplanacak ve bunun üzerine de 2020 yılındaki enflasyon a göre emekli aylıklarına yapılan zam oranı eklenecek.
AYLIK NASIL BELİRLENİYOR? Öncelikle, emekli aylığı nasıl belirleniyor kısaca değineyim. Ortalama aylık kazancın , prim gün sayısına göre hesaplanan aylık bağlama oran ı ile çarpılması sonucu emekli aylığı tutarı belirleniyor ve enflasyon , büyüme hızı gibi birçok etken de hesaba katılıyor. Belirlenen emekli aylığı tutarı geçmiş enflasyon oranında artırılıyor. Enflasyon artışı da ocak-haziran ve temmuz-aralık dönemlerini kapsayan 6'şar aylık enflasyon oranına göre yapılıyor ki, malum tüm emekliler ocak ve temmuz olmak üzere senede iki kere maaşlarını zam lı alıyor. Hal böyle olunca da bu yılın aralık ayında emekli olunca alınacak maaş ile gelecek yılın ocak ayında emekli olup, alınacak maaş arasında fark ortaya çıkıyor.
MAAŞ FARKI OLUŞACAK Bu yılın sonuna kadar emeklilik dilekçesini verirseniz; emekli aylığınız 2019 yılı gelişme hızı, güncelleme katsayısı kriterlerine göre hesaplanacak ve bunun üzerine de 2020 yılındaki enflasyon a göre emekli aylık larına yapılan zam oranı eklenecek. Bu yıl emekli aylıklarına ocak ve temmuz olmak üzere toplamda yüzde 12.25 zam yapılmıştı. İşte bu zam oranı hesaplanacak emekli aylığına eklenecek.
Eğer, emeklilik dilekçesi 2021'in ocak ayında verilecek olursa; bu sefer emekli aylığı, 2020'nin gelişme hızı, güncelleme katsayısı kriterlerine göre hesaplanacak. Haliyle de güncelleme katsayısında bir fark oluşacağından bu fark emekli aylığına da yansıyacak. Ancak 2020 yılında yapılan zam lar –yüzde 12.25- maaşa eklenmeyecek, sadece 2021'in ocak ayında yapılacak zam miktarı maaş yansıyacak.
Bu çerçevede değerlendirecek olursak; açıklanan bu yılın kasım ayı enflasyon u yani, son 5 aylık enflasyona bakacak olursak ve enflasyonda da büyük bir farklılık olmayacağını hesaba katarsak; 2021'de emekli maaş zam mı yüzde 7'ler seviyesinde olacaktır. Geçen senenin ocak ayından yüksek. 2020 yılı güncelleme katsayısının ise yıllık enflasyon kadar olacağını tahmin edebiliriz ki, bu yüzde 13'ler civarında demektir. Büyümenin yüksek olması güncelleme katsayısını etkileyeceğinden emekli maaşının yüksek olmasına neden olur.
Diğer taraftan enflasyon un da yüksek olması, yararlanılacak maaş zam mının yüksek olmasını sağlar. Daha fazla kafa karışıklığı yaratmadan ve çok hesaba kitaba boğmadan mevcut durumda yılsonuna kadar emekli dilekçesinin verilmesi daha avantajlı gibi görünüyor. Yine de tercih sizin.
KIDEM TAZMİNATINI UNUTMAYIN Tabi işin bir de kıdem tazminatı boyutu var. Bu yılın sonunda emekli olup tazminat alacaklar ile gelecek yılın başında emekli olup kıdem tazminatı alacaklar arasında fark olacak. Malum, kıdem tazminatı tutarı ocak-temmuz ve temmuz-aralık olmak üzere senede iki kere değişiyor. Bu yılın ocak-temmuz döneminde uygulanan tazminat tavanı 6.730 lira iken temmuz-aralık dönemindeki tazminat tavanı 7.117 lira oldu.
Bu durumda, 2020'nin sonuna kadar emekli olacakların kıdem tazminatı 7.117 lira üzerinden hesaplanacak. Ancak 2021'in ocak ayında kıdem tazminatı yeniden belirlenip, artacağına göre gelecek yılın başında emekli olacakların tazminatları yeni ve yüksek tavan üzerinden hesaplanacak.
2000 ÖNCESİ YÜKSEK
2000 yılından önceki çalışmalar için ise emekli aylık formülü şu şekilde:
Memur maaş katsayısı x Gösterge x Aylık Bağlama Oran ı.
Düşükten prim ödeyenler açısından gerek 1 Ocak 2000 tarihi öncesi aylık bağlama oranının yüksek belirlenmesi, gerekse alt sınır aylık uygulamasının bulunması nedeniyle Ekim 2008 öncesine ait çalışmaların emekli aylığına etkisi yüksek oluyor.
Yani 2000 öncesi çalışması çok olan kişinin az olana göre emekli aylığı yüksek oluyor. 2000 sonrası dönemde ortalama aylık kazancın hesaplanmasında güncelleme katsayısı ve TÜFE ile gayri safi yurt içi hâsıla gelişme hızının tamamı dikkate alınmakla birlikte bu dönemin aylık bağlama oran ı 2000 öncesi döneme göre daha düşük belirlendiği için aylık miktarı da düşük oluyor.
Ancak 1 Ekim 2008 sonrası aylık bağlama oranı eski dönemlere göre daha da düşürüldüğü ve ayrıca ortalama aylık kazanç hesaplanırken gayri safi yurt içi hâsıla gelişme hızının tamamı değil yüzde 30'u dikkate alındığı için en düşük emekli aylık ları bu dönemde ortaya çıkıyor. Bunda Ekim 2008 sonrası çalışmalar için eski alt sınır aylığının uygulanmamasının da ciddi payı var.
Ekim 2008 sonrası çalışmaların emekli aylığına etkisi daha az, hatta düşükten prim ödeyenler için negatif oluyor. Bunun sonucu diğer dönemlerdeki çalışmaları daha fazla olan kişilerin bir an önce emekli olmaları onlara daha yüksek bir emekli aylığının bağlanmasını sağlayabiliyor.
MEMUR EMEKLİ AYLIĞI NASIL HESAPLANIR?
Memurlar emekli aylık ları en rahat hesaplanan grup. Memurun emekli aylığını derecesi, kademesi, hizmet süresi ve ek göstergesi belirliyor.
Memurların emekli aylığını en çok etkileyen husus ek gösterge. Bu da memurun görevine ve unvanına göre belirleniyor. Ekim 2008'den önce göreve başlayan memurların emekli aylığı hesabında gösterge ve katsayı sistemi esas alınıyor.
Buna göre 25 yıl hizmet vermiş memurun aylık bağlama oran ı yüzde 75. Yani ortalama aylık kazancın yüzde 75'i emekli aylığı olarak bağlanıyor. Ekim 2008 sonrası ilk kez sigortalı olan memurlar 25 yıl çalışma karşılığı ancak ortalama aylık kazancın yüzde 50'sini emekli aylığı olarak alabiliyor. Bu durum, eski ve yeni memurların emekli aylık ları arasında ortalama yüzde 30'luk fark oluşturuyor.
'Eski SSK'lıların emekli aylığı nasıl belirleniyor?
SSK 'lıların emekli aylığı hesabında 3 ayrı dönem ve 3 ayrı hesap var. 2000 yılından önceki çalışmalar için gösterge sistemi esas alınıyor ve bu dönemde aylık bağlama oranı yüksek. Bu dönem ne kadar çok prim ödenmişse emekli aylığı o kadar yüksek oluyor.
İkinci dönem 2000 sonrası ile Ekim 2008 öncesi dönem. Bu dönemde aylık hesabında gösterge sistemi yerine TÜFE ve gelişme hızının birlikte dikkate alındığı güncelleme katsayısı sistemi uygulanıyor.
Bu tarihler arası aylık bağlama oran ı düşük olduğu için ödenen primlerin etkisi biraz daha az.
Üçüncü dönem 1 Ekim 2008 sonrası. Bu dönemde en düşük aylık bağlama oranı ortaya çıkıyor. Çünkü bu dönemdeki hesaplamada güncelleme katsayısı hesaplanırken gayri safi yurt içi hâsıla gelişme hızının yüzde 30'u dikkate alınıyor. Dolayısıyla 3 dönem içinde en düşük aylık bağlama oranı bu dönemde oluşuyor.