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1 kilogram domates ne kadara mal ediliyor, üreticinin elinden ne kadara çıkıyor? İşçilik, ambalaj, işletme, vergi, nakliye, hamaliye giderleri ve kâr eklendiğinde tüketicinin karşısına çıkan fiyat etiketi gerçekçi mi yoksa tezgâhlarda oyun mu var? Dünyaya ihraç edilen Antalya domatesinin yolculuğu farklı noktalarda yüzlerce dönüm üzerine kurulu modern ve geleneksel seralarda başlıyor. Üretici, farklı şart ve koşullarda farklı türde domates üretimi yapıyor. Domates deyince biz tek bir çeşit domates varmış gibi algılıyoruz ama onlarca çeşit domates farklı fiyatlarda üretiliyor ve tüketicinin sofrasına sunuluyor. Geleneksel diye tabir edilen domatesin kilogramının üreticiden çıkış fiyatı 4.5 TL (24.09.2021 tarihi itibariyle). Üretici elindeki domatesi hale götürüp komisyoncuya teslim ediyor. İşte fiyat yolculuğu bu noktadan sonra başlıyor...
ADIM ADIM FİYATLAR NASIL DEĞİŞİYOR
HALDE FİYATLAR NASIL DEĞİŞİYOR? (KİLOGRAM) İşçilik: 20 kuruş Ambalajlama: 1 TL İşletme giderleri: 40 Kuruş Vergiler(Hal rüsumu): 4 Kuruş
Bu girdiler eklendikten sonra 1 kilogram domatesin bedeli 6 lira 145 kuruşa yükseliyor. Bu domates İstanbul haline gönderilirse kilogram başında 30 kuruş nakliye girdisi ekleniyor. Bu haliyle Antalya domatesi İstanbul haline 6 lira 45 kuruşa giriyor. Sonraki aşamada 15 kuruş hamaliye ve 30 kuruş kâr ekleniyor. Bu süreçte domatesin bedeli yaklaşık 6 lira 90 kuruşa ulaşıyor.
PAZARDA VE MARKETTE DOMATES KAÇ TL'DEN SATILIYOR? Eğer ürün pazara gidecekse mevcut fiyata yol, tezgâh kirası ve personel masrafı olarak 50 kuruş ekleniyor. Pazarcı da ürüne ortalama 1 TL kâr bedeli koyuyor. Sonuç: Dalından 4.5 TL'ye yiyeceğimiz Antalya domatesi pazar tezgâhında 8.395 TL'ye satışa sunuluyor.
Eğer domates marketlere gidecekse hesaplama farklı yöntemle yapılıyor. İstanbul halinden 6.895 TL'ye çıkan domatese kâr, fire ve genel giderler (Yüzde 30) ekleniyor. Bu da mevcut fiyatı ortalama 2 TL arttırıyor. Buna yüzde 8 KDV de eklenince Antalya domatesinin market tezgâhındaki ortalama satış fiyatı 9.68 TL'ye ulaşıyor.
HAREKET ARTINCA RAKAM DA YÜKSELİYOR Hürriyet'in haberine göre "Ürün hareket ettikçe fiyatı artıyor" diyen Antalya Ticaret Borsası (ATB) Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı Ali Çandır, Antalya domatesinin fiyat yolculuğunu şöyle değerlendirdi: "Sadece domates için değil, birçok ürün için bu tablo geçerli. Piyasanın denetlenmesi elbette önemli ancak kesin çözüm için sistemin tamamında temelden değişiklikler yapılmalı. En önemli şey piyasa şeffaf hale gelmeli. Şu anda birçok ürün hal dışında işlem görüyor. Bu büyük bir sorun. Ayrıca üretici Üretim için gerekli her şeyi hasat sonu vadeli alıyor. Bu da üretim maliyetini artırıyor. Bu sorunu ancak organize bir yapı ile çözebiliriz. Kamu, düzenlemeli, izlemeli, denetlemeli ve iyileştirmelidir.
YENİ MERKEZLER KURULSUN Ürün toplama, işleme, depolama ve nakliye işlemleri üretim merkezli kümelenmeyle yapılmalı. Biz istiyoruz ki üretici işe toplu tedarikle başlasın, standart ve planlı bir üretim yapsın ve pazarlasın. Bunun içinde üretici bölgelerinde dünya standartlarında uygun bir biçimde satışa hazır bir hale getirilecek merkezler kurulsun. Komisyoncu, tüccar, market zincirleri online ortamda ürünü ederinden alsın ve pazarlasın. Bunun için de kamu projelendirme ve finansmanını yapma görevlerini üstlensin. Yani bu merkezlerin kurulumu ve işlevsel bir biçimde yürütülmesinde inisiyatif alsın. Ürün fiziki olarak bir defa hareket etsin, soğuk zincir bozulmadan yer değiştirsin."
HERKES ŞİKÂYETÇİ Gerek üretici gerek bu işin ticaretini yapanların da bu durumdan şikâyetçi olduğunu belirten Çandır, "Üretici daha fazla gelir elde etmek istiyor. Fakat üretim dışındaki katma değer yaratılan aşamaların hiçbirinde yer almıyor, alamıyor. Yıllardır komisyoncu ve tüccarlarla kurmuş olduğu bağ sayesinde üretim için emeğini koyuyor ancak genellikle işin maliyet kısmında olamıyor" diye konuştu.
ARTIŞLARIN ÖNLENMESİ İÇİN SEKTÖR TEMSİLCİLERİNDEN 8 MADDELİK ÖNERİ 1- Sektörün girdi maliyetlerini, rakip ülkelerin eşdeğer reel girdi fiyatlarıyla uyumlu hale getirmeliyiz. 2- Tarımsal tedarik sistemini devletin düzenleyeceği bir platform üzerinden ortaklaşa karşılayacak hale dönüştürmeliyiz. 3- Sektördeki kayıpları ve verimsizlik kaynaklarını minimize edecek bir değer zinciri kurgulamalı ve uygulamalıyız. Bunun için devlet, belirli üretim merkezlerinde üretici örgütler vasıtasıyla hasat, işleme ve depolama birimleri oluşturmalıdır. Soğuk zincir lojistiği bu değer zinciri ile bütünleşik çalışmalıdır. 4- Tarımsal destekler; en az bir sezon, ortalama üç sezonluk planlamayla önceden açıklanmalı ve her sezon başında işin yapılma oranına göre ödenmeye başlanmalıdır. 5- Örtüaltı ve meyve üretimi gibi özellikli üretim faaliyetlerinin yapısına uygun destekleme politikaları uygulanmalıdır. Tarım arazileri tavizsiz ve tam koruma altına alınmalı, mevcut hazine arazileri sektörde en az 5 yıllık tecrübeye sahip üreticilere uygun koşullarla kullandırılmalıdır. 6- Yaş meyve sebze sektörü başta olmak üzere tarımsal ürün ticaretinde kayıtlı olmaya, şeffaflığa ve izlenebilirliğe özel önem verilmelidir. Böylece spekülatif ve manüpilatif faaliyetlerin önüne geçmek mümkün olur. 7- Hal Kayıt Sistemi, sektörün ticaretinde ağırlıklı öneme sahip olmalıdır. Mevcut durumda bu oran yaklaşık yüzde 30 civarındadır ve piyasayı etkinleştirmek bakımından yetersizdir. 8- Sektörün ticaretindeki kayıtlılık ve şeffaflık; kapsayıcı ve ağırlıklı yeni bir hal yasasıyla sağlanmalıdır. Buna göre haller değer zinciri ve tedarik zinciriyle entegre çalışmalıdır. Yani bu anlayışla hal sayısı üretim ve tüketim bölgeleri ağırlıklı olarak mevcut duruma göre arttırılmalıdır. Diğer taraftan kayıtlılığı ve şeffaflığı artırabilmek için e-fatura uygulaması ile hal bildirimleri uyumlu hale getirilmelidir.
TARLADAN MARKETE YAŞANAN YÜKSELİŞ