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Asya ile Avrupa arasında ticaret ve ulaşım üç ana koridordan gerçekleştiriliyor. Rusya'nın içinde bulunduğu "Kuzey Koridoru", İran üzerinden geçen "Güney Koridoru" ve Türkiye'nin de dahil olduğu "Orta Koridor" birçok ülke açısından stratejik önem taşıyor. Ancak Rusya'nın Ukrayna'ya saldırısı Kuzey Koridoru'nda zaten tartışılan güvenlik sorunlarını daha da artırdı. Güney Koridoru ise İran'a yönelik ambargolar ve Orta Doğu'daki çatışmalar nedeniyle riskli görülüyor.
Bu durum Türkiye'den Kafkaslar'a, oradan da Hazar Denizi'ni aşarak Türkmenistan ile Kazakistan 'ı takiben Orta Asya ve Çin'e ulaşan Orta Koridor'u daha da değerli hale getirdi.
Pekin'den Londra'ya uzanan bu hat, yıllık 600 milyar doları aşkın ticaret trafiğinin kalbinde yer alıyor.
Özellikle Türkmenistan, Kazakistan ve Azerbaycan limanlarında lojistik merkezler ve serbest ticaret sahaları kurulmasının, Trans-Hazar iş birliğinin gelişmesine ve derinleşmesine katkı sağlayacağı öngörülüyor.
Uzmanlar, Orta Koridor hattının kullanılmasının ülke ve bölge ekonomilerinin yanı sıra dünya ticaretine de katkı sağlayacağını belirtiyor.
"AZERBAYCAN VE TÜRKİYE HAZIR OLMALI" Azerbaycan Uluslararası İlişkiler Analiz Merkezi Ekonomi Uzmanı Orhan Bagirov, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı'nın Orta Koridor'un önemini artıracağını söyledi.
Rusya'ya yönelik baskıların artacağını ve bunun da Kuzey Koridoru'nun önemini azaltabileceğini ifade eden Bagirov, Orta Koridor'un bu hattın yerini alabilmesi için bir dizi teknik çalışmanın yapılması gerektiğini bildirdi.
Bagirov, Çin'in hala Kuzey Koridoru'nu kullandığına dikkati çekerek, Orta Koridor'un Çin için de önemli hale gelmesiyle bu rotanın daha kullanılabilir olacağını dile getirdi.
Eğer savaş nedeniyle Avrupa, Rusya arazisinden ticareti durdurursa Orta Koridor'un en faydalı yol olarak öne çıkacağını vurgulayan Bagirov, şöyle konuştu:
"Orta Koridor'un paydaşları olan Azerbaycan ve Türkiye buna hazır olmalı. Türkiye, Orta Koridor ile ilgili var olan teknik sorunları gidermeleri için diğer ülkelere yardımcı olmalı ve bunu teşvik etmeli. Gümrük sistemlerimizi ve vergilerini birbirine uyumlu hale getirmeli, Orta Koridor'un faydasını daha da artırmalıyız. Orta Koridor'un potansiyeli büyük. Transit gelirleri artacak, yerli üretim teşvik edilecek, gümrük sistemlerimiz ve vergiler birbirine uyumlu hale geldiğinde ihracat giderlerimiz de azalacaktır. Başta Türkiye ve Azerbaycan olmak üzere Orta Koridor rotasındaki ülkelerin stratejik önemi artacak."
"RUSYA'DAN AVRUPA'YA UZANAN TÜM ULAŞIM ROTALARININ RİSKİ ARTACAK" Houston Üniversitesi Tedarik Zinciri ve Lojistik Bölümü Öğretim Görevlisi Margaret Kidd de ulaşım kanallarının bölgedeki gerilimlerden etkilendiğini söyledi.
Kidd, Ukrayna ticaretinin yaklaşık yüzde 70'inin deniz yoluyla yapıldığı bilgisini vererek, "Karadeniz'de deniz trafiği için artan bir risk var. Rusya'ya yönelik gelişen yaptırımların uygulanması, buradan Avrupa'ya uzanan tüm ulaşım rotalarının riskini de artıracaktır. Orta Koridor üzerinden yapılan ulaşımın önemi çok taraflı iş birliklerine dayalı olarak artabilir." değerlendirmesinde bulundu.
Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi'nin bir sonucu olarak Asya ve Avrupa arasındaki demir yolu trafiğinin artmasının da dikkat çekici olduğunu dile getiren Kidd, Çin'in son birkaç yılda Avrupa pazarlarına geçiş sürelerini kısaltmak için demir yoluna büyük yatırımlar yaptığını söyledi.
Kidd, şunları kaydetti:
"Orta Koridor, Çin ile Avrupa arasındaki iki ana demir yolu yük rotasına bir alternatif olabilir. Küresel tedarik zincirleri, Kovid-19 salgını sırasında tehlikeli bir şekilde zayıfladı. Rusya'nın Ukrayna'ya askeri operasyonuyla mevcut gerilimler, daha fazla bozulmayı absorbe etme kapasitesini kesinlikle test edecek. Salgın sırasında öğrenilen dersler, ham maddeleri ve ürünleri taşımak için ulaşım rotalarının coğrafi olarak çeşitlendirilmesinin yanı sıra üretimin tüketim merkezlerine daha yakın hale getirilmesi ihtiyacını gösteriyor."
"BTK DEMİR YOLU HATTI, ORTA KORİDOR'UN ÖNEMİNİ ARTIRDI" Gürcistan Strateji Analiz Merkezi Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi Valeri Çeçelaşvili de Rusya ile Ukrayna arasında yaşanan gelişmelerin, bölgede Kuzey ve Orta başta olmak üzere tüm transit koridorların faaliyetlerini ciddi şekilde etkileyeceğini bildirdi.
Geçmişte Gürcistan'da Maliye Bakanlığının yanı sıra Gürcistan'ın Rusya Büyükelçisi olarak da görev yapan Çeçelaşvili, "Savaş hali devam ettikçe Orta Koridor önem kazanmaya başlayacak. Çünkü yük sahipleri kendi yüklerini bu geçide kaydıracaklar." dedi.
Çeçelaşvili, Orta Koridor'un aslında iki ayrı hattan oluştuğu bilgisini vererek, ilkinin Karadeniz üzerinden Gürcistan ve Ukrayna'ya, oradan limanlarla Avrupa'ya geçiş şeklinde yapıldığını anlattı.
Diğer hattın ise Türkiye üzerinden Avrupa'ya ulaştırma yolu olduğunu aktaran Çeçelaşvili, "Bakü-Tiflis-Kars (BTK) Demir Yolu Hattı'nın faaliyete geçmesi ve Marmaray Projesi sayesinde Türkiye demir yollarının Avrupa hatlarına bağlanmasıyla Orta Koridor daha büyük önem kazanmaya başladı." dedi.
"BÖLGENİN İSTİKRAR VE REFAHINA CİDDİ KATKILAR SAĞLAYACAK" Ankara Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Merkezi (ANKASAM) Başkanı Prof. Dr. Mehmet Seyfettin Erol da kuzey-güney ve doğu-batı eksenli rotalar açısından gerek Afganistan merkezli gelişmeler gerekse Rusya'nın Ukrayna'ya yönelik askeri operasyonunun büyük belirsizliklere yol açtığını belirterek, Asya-Avrupa bağlantısını sağlayan rotalardan en az maliyetli, en güvenli ve en istikrarlısının Orta Koridor olduğunu söyledi.
Karabağ Savaşı sonrasında Türkiye-Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan -Ermenistan ilişkilerinde normalleşme süreçlerinin başladığını anımsatan Erol, şu değerlendirmede bulundu:
"Bu durum Orta Koridor'un gerek Çin'in Avrupa'ya ulaşması gerekse Batı'nın Kafkasya ve Orta Asya merkezli enerji ve ulaştırma projeleri geliştirmesi bakımından ideal güzergah olduğunu kanıtlıyor. Zira Kuzey Koridoru, Rusya, Çin ve ABD arasındaki rekabetten etkilenecek ve bu iş birlikleri söz konusu rotayı güvensizleştirecektir. Zaten Ukrayna merkezli gelişmeler de bunu teyit etmektedir. Güney Koridoru da Orta Doğu merkezli istikrarsızlıklar nedeniyle çeşitli güvenlik sorunlarını barındırmaktadır. Bu anlamda Orta Koridor, bölgedeki güvenlik sorunları ve istikrarsızlıklara karşı devletler arasında kazan-kazan formülü çerçevesinde bölgenin istikrarına ve refahına ciddi katkılar sağlayacaktır. Bu sebeple Orta Koridor bir istikrar ve refah koridoru olarak adlandırılabilir."
"TÜRKİYE KİLİT ÜLKE" Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Öğretim Üyesi Prof. Dr. Şafak Çomaklı da mevcut ve olası şartlar incelendiğinde Doğu ekonomisini Avrupa ve Orta Doğu'ya karadan taşıyacak en sorunsuz rotanın Orta Koridor olduğunu dile getirdi.
Türkiye'nin, Avrupa'ya ve Balkanlar'a bir çıkış kapısı olduğuna işaret eden Çomaklı, "Türkiye, Orta Asya ve Orta Doğu'da ekonomik alanda iş birliği yapılabilecek yerler arasında en önemli ülke konumundadır. Orta Koridor'un Türkiye'den planlanması ve Türkiye'nin Asya-Avrupa bağlamında stratejik geçiş güzergahlarının tamamını kontrol etmesi burasını kilit ülke konumuna getirmektedir." ifadelerini kullandı.
ORTA KORİDOR GEÇEN YIL DA GÜNDEME GELMİŞTİ Orta Koridor'un önemi geçen yıl mart ayında "The Ever Given" isimli geminin Süveyş Kanalı'nda karaya oturmasıyla yaşanan sıkıntının ardından daha da artmış ve son dönemde ulaştırma alanında yapılan dev projeler Türkiye'yi bu koridorun kilit ülkesi konumuna getirmişti.
Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanı Adil Karaismailoğlu, Çin'den Avrupa'ya ulaşan üç büyük ticaret yolu göz önüne alındığında, bir konteynerin Türkiye üzerinden 7 bin kilometre yol alarak 15 günde, Rusya Kuzey Ticaret Yolu üzerinden 10 bin kilometre mesafe kat ederek 15-20 günde, Süveyş Kanalı üzerinden 20 bin kilometre seyrederek 45-60 günde Avrupa'ya ulaştığı bilgisini vererek, bu tablonun üç kıtanın kesiştiği noktada bulunan Türkiye'nin önemini ortaya koyduğunu dile getirmişti.
ÇİN'E 22 İHRACAT TRENİ GÖNDERİLDİ Asya-Avrupa kıtalarında kısa, güvenli, ekonomik ve iklimi en elverişli demir yolu koridoru olan Demir İpek Yolu/Orta Koridor'dan Türkiye'den Çin'e ilk ihracat blok treni 7 Aralık 2020'de uğurlanmış ve 2 kıta, 2 deniz ve 5 ülke geçerek 19 Aralık 2020'de Çin'in Şian şehrine ulaşmıştı.
Bugüne kadar söz konusu hat üzerinden 22 ihracat treni hareket ederken, toplamda 10 bin 294 ton yük taşındı.