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5 zincir market (BİM, A101, ŞOK, Migros, Carrefour) ve bir tedarikçi (Savola) hakkında toplamda yaklaşık 2.7 milyar TL idari para cezasının verildiği soruşturmanın devamı niteliğinde yürütülen soruşturma tamamlandı. Beş büyük zincir market arasında fiyat artışlarına yönelik koordinasyonu sağlayarak marketlerin raf fiyatlarını belirlemeye yönelik kartel oluşturdukları tespit edildi. Rekabet ihlali türlerinden olan kartel ve/veya yeniden satış fiyatının tespiti sebebiyle 13 kuruma da ceza kesildi.
Rekabet Kurulu Başkanı Birol Küle , soruşturma sonucuna ilişkin değerlendirmede bulundu.
Bu soruşturmanın marketlere 2,7 milyar liralık ceza kesilen ilk soruşturmadan benzer ve ayrışan tarafları olduğunu belirten Küle, iki dosyanın en önemli ortak yönünün, başta gıda ve hijyen ürünleri olmak üzere hızlı tüketim ürünlerine yönelik inceleme, şikayet, araştırma ve gözlemlerin ürünü niteliği taşıması olduğunu söyledi. Küle, "Yapılan yerinde inceleme ve analizler bizleri maalesef hem alt pazar olan organize perakende ve bilhassa büyük ulusal süpermarket zincirlerin hem de üst pazarda önemli markaları kontrol eden ekonomik birimlerin dahil olduğu birbirine paralel kartel yapılanmalarına götürdü." diye konuştu.
Küle, ilk dosyada 5 büyük ulusal zincir marketin hem kendi aralarında koordine ettikleri hem de üst pazardaki bir tedarikçinin koordinasyona dahil olduğu iki taraflı bir kartel yapılanmasının söz konusu olduğunu anımsatarak, "İkinci dosyamızda bu yapıyı genişleterek tamamlayan 13 ayrı 'topla-dağıt karteli' dediğimiz tipte kartel yapılanması daha olduğunu gördük." ifadesini kullandı.
"ORGANİZE PAZARDAKİ YOĞUNLAŞMA GİDERİLMELİ" Hukukun en temel genel prensiplerinden olan "aynı eylemin iki kez cezalandırılmaması" ilkesi gereği ilk dosyada toplam ciroları üzerinden ceza uygulanan alt pazardaki zincirlerin, topla-dağıt kartel yapılanmasının aktörleri olmalarına rağmen bu dosyada tekrar ceza almadıklarına işaret eden Küle, şöyle devam etti:
"Bununla birlikte, ikinci dosyamızla maalesef sektördeki bazı önemli gerçekleri bir kez daha ve güçlü bir şekilde görmüş olduk. Yüksek paya sahip tedarikçiler ile yine yüksek paya sahip perakende şirketlerinin mevcut ticari ilişkilerini kullanarak refah dağılımını nasıl bozdukları, suni fiyat artışları ile moral da dahil toplumsal adaleti nasıl tahrip ettikleri, yoğunlaşmanın olduğu piyasalarda rekabet ihlallerinin kolaylaştığı, kritik dönemlerde özellikle alt pazardaki darboğazın tüketiciler üzerindeki baskısını artırdığı görüldü. Hükümetin her türlü teşvik ve iktisadi desteklerine rağmen kar feragati ve sürdürülebilir yatırım yerine aşırı karlılık odaklı çalıştıkları, Fransa örneğindeki gibi belli dönemlerde fiyatları dondurabilecekken bu tür dayanışma ruhundan uzak kaldıkları, kısa, orta ve uzun vadede tüketicinin hep dezavantajlı olduğu ortaya çıktı. Tüm bu gözlemler organize pazardaki bu yoğunlaşmanın mutlaka giderilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir."
Başkan Küle, "hub and spoke" olarak ifade edilen "topla-dağıt karteli" kavramına ilişkin de bu kartellerin normalden en önemli farkının, aktörlerin dikey ticari ilişkilerden faydalanarak koordine olmaları ve bu şekilde rekabetçi seviyenin üstündeki fiyatlarda anlaşıp bunu sürdürebilmesi olduğunu anlattı. Kartellerin uzun süre stabil kalabilmesi için rakiplerin birbirini aşırı maliyetlere katlanmadan izleyebilmeleri ve fiyat kırarak satışlarını artırmak isteyen yani karteli bozan üyelerine yaptırım uygulayabilmesi gerektiğini belirten Küle, "Bunu en az maliyetle yapabilmelerinin bir yolu da rutin ticari ilişkileri ve iletişimleri bulunan bir 'hub'ı kullanmaktır. Şayet hem 'hub' hem de 'spoke'lar karteli kendi faydalarına görürse dikey ilişkileri kullanarak genel fiyatların tüm piyasada yüksek kalmasını garantileyeceklerdir. Yani 'hub and spoke' dediğimiz kartel tipini sürdürmek, standart bir karteli sürdürmekten daha kolay ve etkin oluyor." diye konuştu.
Bu kartel tipini dünya örneklerine paralel şekilde ülkede de görmüş olduklarını vurgulayan Küle, şu değerlendirmede bulundu:
"Belçika, Kanada, İngiltere dahil pek çok ülkede yine bizim dosyalarımızın kapsamına benzer dosyaların yanında farklı sektörlerde ciddi ve 15-20 yıllık periyotlara varan kartel yapılanmaları tespit edilmiştir. Bunların bazıları da pişmanlık müessesesiyle otoriteye duyurulmuştur."
5 ZİNCİR MARKETİN PAZAR PAYI YÜZDE 85 Küle, zincir marketlerden ilk 5'inin toplam yaklaşık yüzde 85 pazar payına sahip olduğuna dikkati çekerek, "Her ne kadar ölçek ve kapsam ekonomileri bir dereceye kadar etkinlik yaratıcı olsa da aşırı yoğunlaşma ve marketlerin büyüme spiralinin gıda-tüketim ürünleri zincirine olan olumsuz yansımaları belli bir noktadan sonra ağır basmaktadır." dedi.
Yapılan bilimsel çalışmalarda, piyasadaki her yüzde 1 yoğunlaşmanın yüzde 0,2 fiyat artışına sebep olduğu bulgusu olduğuna işaret eden Küle, şöyle konuştu:
"Bu zincirler mağaza sayılarının binlerle ifade edilmesi ve ülkemizin tamamına yayılmalarının yanında alımlarını ve kararlarını çok büyük ölçeğe dayalı olarak merkezi yapıyorlar. Bu da üst pazarlar ne kadar rekabetçi olursa olsun alt pazara gelindiğinde çok ciddi bir alıcı ve pazarlık gücü demek. Rekabetin olduğu ortamda bu zincirlerin toptan seviyede fiyat kırması ve bunu da tüketiciye yansıtmaları beklenir ancak maalesef az sayıda oyunculu bu yapıda dosyalarımız bu darboğazın tüketicinin kaybettiği bir yapı haline gelmiş olduğunu net bir şekilde kanıtladı. 5 grup, asimetrik fiyatlama (değer zincirinde değer-fiyat ilişkisinin zincirlerin avantajına olması) ve değer zincirindeki asimetrik risk paylaşımı sayesinde neredeyse sıfır riskle karını maksimize ederken özellikle küçük ölçekli tedarikçilerin çok düşük marjla çalışmak zorunda kaldığı görüldü."
"ÇİFTÇİNİN BAĞIMSIZLIĞINI BİTİRİYOR" Özellikle tarım piyasalarında dikey zincirde büyük marketler tarafından pazar gücünün kullanılmasının hem çiftçinin bağımsızlığını bitirdiğini hem de ciddi refah yarattığını belirten Küle, şunları kaydetti:
"Bunun sonucu olarak ekonomilerdeki şokların etkisi tamamen çiftçiler ve küçük ölçekli oyuncular üzerinde kalmaktadır. Meselenin bir başka boyutu da büyük zincirlerin üst pazardaki tedarikçilerden daha elverişli koşullarda alım yapabilmesi karşısında tedarikçilerin bu kaybı dengelemek amacıyla geriye kalan marketlere/esnafa daha yüksek fiyatlardan satmak, daha kısa vadeli satmak durumunda kalması. Bu durum yerel marketler ve küçük esnaf için sürdürülebilir olmaktan çok uzaktır. Bu tablo ayrıca büyük zincirlerin rakiplerinin maliyetlerini de artırıyor. Gördüğünüz gibi risk hep küçüklerde ya da tüketicide kalmış oluyor. İşte tüm bu sebeplerle organize pazarda yoğunlaşmanın ve alt pazarda dar boğazın sebebi olan aktörlerin mevcut durumlarının rekabetçi bir piyasanın oluşmasına engel olduğu ve mutlaka dikkatli bir şekilde düzenlenmesi gerektiği yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Burada asimetrik bir düzenlemeyle 5 büyük zincir marketin dikey ticari ilişkilerinin ve entegrasyonunun mutlaka alt ve üst pazarlardaki rekabet endişelerini giderek şekilde yeniden düşünülmesi gerekiyor."