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Rekabet Kurulu Başkanı Birol Küle , Trendyol 'un rekabet ihlalelerine devam etmesi halinde günlük para cezasıyla karşı karşıya kalabileceğini söyledi.
Trendyol'a verilen 61.3 milyon liralık rekabet cezasıyla ilgili soruları yanıtlayan Küle, "Yükümlülüklere uyulmaması durumunda günlük nisbi para cezaları da gündeme gelebilecek. Taahütlere uyulmadığı zaman teşebbüslere her gün için bir önceki yılın cirosunun onbinde 5'i kadar idari para cezası verilebiliyor. Dolayısıyla para cezası verdik bitti demiyoruz, sürecin takipçisiyiz" dedi.
Küle, Sabah gazetesi yazarı Dilek Güngör'ün sorularını yanıtladı.
İdari para cezası büyük yankı uyandırdı. gerekçeleriniz nelerdi? Trendyol hakkında yürütülen soruşturma, muhtelif şikâyetler üzerine başlatıldı. Ancak yerinde incelemelerden elde edilen bulgular ile soruşturmanın konusu genişledi. Trendyol'un yoğun reklam harcamaları yaparak kendisi kadar reklam harcaması yapamayan rakiplerini zor durumda bıraktığı, platformda faaliyet gösteren satıcıların rakip platformlarda da faaliyet gösterebilmesini engellendiği, güçlü konumuna dayanarak sitesinde ürün satanlara haksız sözleşme şartları dayattığı, kullandığı algoritmalarla Trendyol markalı ürünleri kullanıcı önüne daha çok çıkaracak şekilde müdahale ettiği, yine pazaryerinde satış yapan üçüncü taraf satıcıların verilerini kullanarak faaliyetine haksız olarak avantaj sağladığı hususları incelendi.
Yaklaşık iki yıl süren bir incelemeden bahsediyoruz. Süreçte, bizde soru işareti bırakan bazı rekabet karşıtı endişeleri, pazardaki rekabeti daha hızlı tesis edebilmek, rekabet dinamiğine doğrudan nüfuz edebilmek adına Trendyol 'un bize taahhüt ettiği bazı kalemleri çözüme kavuşturduk. Bununla birlikte, algoritmaya müdahale ederek ve pazaryerinde satış yapan üçüncü taraf satıcıların verilerini kullanarak kendi faaliyetine haksız olarak avantaj sağladığı delillerle ispatlandığından ve bu davranışın pazardaki etkileri ortaya konulduğundan Trendyol'un hâkim durumunu kötüye kullanması sebebiyle yaklaşık 61 milyon idari para cezası uygulandı. Para cezasına ek olarak kapsamlı bir tedbir paketine hükmedildi.
Bazı iddiaları taahhütle neticelendirdik dediniz, nedir bunlar? 2020 'de kanunumuzla yapılan değişikle birlikte kurulumuz, teşebbüsler talep ederse ve bu talep uygun görülürse taahhüt süreci yürütülmesine karar verebiliyor. Böylece teşebbüslere sebep olduğu rekabet sorunlarını hızlı ve somut bir şekilde çöz, elini taşın altına koy diyebiliyoruz. Teşebbüsler de bazı yapısal, davranışlar mekanizmalar getireceğini taahhüt ederek bir projeksiyon sunuyor ve bu projeksiyon faydalı bulunursa hemen uygulamaya koyuyor. Faydalı olup olmayacağı konusunda takdir yetkisi Rekabet Kurulu 'nun. Bunun için çok detaylı analizler yapılıyor, sektör paydaşlarının görüşleri alınıyor. Trendyol da soruşturma sürecinde böyle bir yönteme başvurmak istedi ve sebep olduğu endişeleri giderebilmek amacıyla bazı taahhütler sundu. Bu taahhütlerden bir kısmı kabul edildi, bir kısmı ise reddedildi. Reddedilen kısımlar için soruşturma süreci devam etti ve sürecin sonunda idari para cezası uygulandı.
Kabul edilen taahhütler neydi? Trendyol rakiplerini zor durumda bırakan ve çok yüksek seyreden reklam harcamalarına belirli bir üst sınır getirdi, pazaryerinde faaliyet gösteren satıcılarla akdedilecek sözleşmelerde münhasırlık hükmüne yer verilmeyeceğini, ayrıca satıcı paneli üzerinden tüm satıcıların satış yapabilecekleri kanalları serbestçe seçebilecekleri ve satıcıların satış kanallarına ilişkin olarak herhangi bir sınırlama getirilmediği hakkında açıkça bilgilendirileceğini taahhüt etti. Satıcıların erişebildiği arayüzler, finansal durum göstergeleri, satıcı uyarı ve puanlama sistemleri, termin süreleri gibi çeşitli konularda iyileştirmeler yaptı.
Verilen ceza kamuoyunda düşük algılandı. öyle mi gerçekten? Hâkim durumu kötüye kullanarak 4054 sayılı Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında Kanun'u ihlal ettiği tespit edilen şirkete, caydırıcılığı sağlamak üzere geliriyle orantılı idari para cezası uygulanıyor. Cezai yaptırımlar kullandığımız tek yöntem değil. Trendyol 'a, algoritma ve kodlama aracılığıyla yapılan müdahalelerden kaçınması ve pazaryeri faaliyeti kapsamında elde ettiği verileri, kendisine ait özel markalı ürünler için kullanamamasına yönelik tedbirler de getirildi. Trendyol'a getirilen söz konusu yükümlülüklere uyulmaması durumunda günlük nisbi para cezalarının da gündeme gelebileceğini vurgulamakta fayda var. Bu da ciddi bir müeyyide... Taahütlere uyulmadığı zaman teşebbüslere her gün için bir önceki yılın cirosunun onbinde 5'i kadar idari para cezası verilebiliyor. Para cezası verdik bitti demiyoruz, sürecin takipçisiyiz.
Trendyol'un pazardaki hÂkimiyeti son mu bulacak? Trendyol 'un Hepsiburada, N11, Amazon, Çiçeksepeti, EpttAvm gibi rakiplerini geride bırakarak 2020 'da hâkim duruma ulaştığı tespit edildi. 4054 sayılı Kanun kapsamında bir teşebbüsün hâkim durumda olması rekabet hukuku bakımından tek başına bir ihlal teşkil etmiyor. Ancak mevcut soruşturmada da olduğu gibi, Trendyol'un bu konumunu çeşitli eylemleriyle kötü kullanması 4054 sayılı Kanun kapsamında yasaklanmakta. Temel amacımız adil ve yarışılabilir rekabet ortamını sağlayarak pazarda etkin rekabeti tesis etmek. Yoksa pazarda başarısız olan teşebbüsleri oyunda tutmak, onları desteklemek; etkin ve verimli omayan, kendini yenileyemeyen teşebbüslerin başarısızlıklarının faturasını rakiplerine kesmek gibi bir yaklaşımımız yok, olamaz da. Biz adil ve yarışılabilir bir rekabet ortamını tesis etmekten sorumluyuz. Top oyunda. İyi olan kazansın ki, tüketiciler kazansın.
BU İLK SORUŞTURMA Kurulun daha önce bu tür ihlallere ilişkin kararları var mı? Dijital pazarlarda platform oyuncularının hâkim durumlarını kötüye kullanarak kendilerini kayırma eylemlerine Google Shopping, Google Yerel Arama kararlarımızı örnek verilebiliriz. Ama Trendyol kararı e-pazaryerleri özelinde algoritmalara müdahale ve veri aktarımı yoluyla kendini kayırma davranışının tespit edildiği ilk soruşturma... O yüzden büyük önem taşıyor.
AMAZON ÖRNEĞİNİ VERDİ Dünyada bu kapsamda yapılan inceleme var mı? Amazon birçok Avrupa ülkesinde hakim durumda. Onlar da hem bağımsız satıcıların ürünlerini doğrudan tüketicilere satabilecekleri bir pazaryeri hem de bir perakendeci olarak bağımsız satıcılarla rekabet halinde... Dolayısıyla satıcıların faaliyetleri hakkında büyük veri kümelerine erişebiliyor. Avrupa Komisyonu 2019'da soruşturma başlattı. Aralık 2022'de Amazon'dan bir takım taahhütler alındı. Bunlardan biri de; pazaryerindeki bağımsız satıcıların faaliyetleriyle ilgili veya bunlardan türetilen kamuya açık olmayan verileri kullanmamaktı.
E-TİCARET KANUNU TAMAMLAYICI Rekabet kurumu'nun rolü ile ticaret bakanlığı'nın rolü çakışıyor mu? 4054 sayılı Kanun uyarınca dijital piyasalarda da rekabetin korunması hususu Rekabet Kurumu'na emanet edilmiştir. Rekabet Kurumu e-pazaryerlerinin de dahil olduğu daha geniş bir perspektiften dijital pazarları inceliyor. Ancak ticaret hukuku ve rekabet hukuku arasındaki bağların, düzenlemelerin birbirlerini beslediği ve etkin uygulanabilmelerini kolaylaştırdığı unutulmamalı. Dolayısıyla e-ticaret kanunundaki düzenlemelerin bizim uygulamalarımızı tamamlayıcı bir nitelik taşıyacağını düşünüyorum.