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Kripto varlıklara ilişkin düzenlemeler içeren kanun teklifi, TBMM Başkanlığına sunuldu. AK Parti Grup Başkanı Abdullah Güler, kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcılarının kurulabilmesi ve faaliyete başlayabilmesi için Sermaye Piyasası Kurulundan (SPK) izin almalarının zorunlu hale getirileceğini söyledi.
TEKLİFİ AK PARTİ HAZIRLADI Düzenleme ile kripto varlıkların alım satıma konu edildiği platformların Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu (SPK) düzenleme ve denetimi kapsamına alınması hedefleniyor. AK Parti Grup Başkanı Abdullah Güler başkanlığında yapılan çalışmayla kripto varlıklara ilişkin düzenlemeler içeren kanun teklifi TBMM Başkanlığına sunuldu.
Teklifle uluslararası uygulamalara benzer şekilde Türkiye'de kripto varlıklarla işlem yapan tarafların risklerinin azaltılmasının sağlanması hedefleniyor.
Kripto varlıkları geniş anlamda tanımlayacak düzenlemeyle, bunların alım satıma konu edildiği platformların SPK tarafından lisanslanması ve SPK düzenleme ve denetimi kapsamına alınması amaçlanıyor. Teklifte, platformlarda müşteriler adına tutulan nakit ve kripto varlıkların saklanması, platformlar ve müşteriler arasındaki ilişkiler, uygulanacak yaptırım ve cezalar yer alacak. Platformların faaliyet esaslarına ilişkin kriterler ise yapılacak ikincil düzenleme ile belirlenecek.
TÜBİTAK'IN BU SÜREÇTE ROL ALMASI HEDEFLENİYOR Kanun teklifinde blok-zinciri ve benzeri teknolojileri geliştiren kişilerin, değeri bu teknolojilerden ayrıştırılamayan nitelikte olan kripto varlıkların satış ya da dağıtımı konusunda SPK'ye yetki verilmesi ve izin şartı getirilmesi yönünde hükümler yer alacak. Düzenlemeyle Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumunun da (TÜBİTAK ) bu süreçte rol alması, bu şekilde, blok-zinciri oluşturulması konusundaki yazılım mimarisinin ve ilgili teknolojik araçların geliştirilmesinin teşvik edilmesi hedefleniyor.
Kripto varlıklarla ilgili düzenlemenin yasalaşması ve kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcıların lisanslanmaya başlanmasıyla Mali Eylem Görev Gücünün (FATF) 15 No'lu teknik standardı kapsamında getirilen eleştirilerin bertaraf edilmesi ve Türkiye'nin "kısmi uyumlu" kategorisinden çıkması da öngörülüyor.
Güler, TBMM Başkanlığına sunulan kripto varlıklara ilişkin düzenlemeleri içeren Sermaye Piyasası Kanununda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun Teklifi'nin ilk imza sahibi AK Parti Genel Başkan Yardımcısı Ömer İleri ile Meclis'te gazetecilere açıklamalarda bulundu.
Teklifin 19 maddeden oluştuğunu bildiren Güler, kripto varlıklar alanında dünyadaki uygulamaları incelediklerini belirtti.
Teklifin, Türkiye'de kripto varlıklarla işlem yapanların risklerinin azaltılması amacıyla hazırlandığını dile getiren Güler, teklifte, kripto varlık ekosisteminde yer alan "cüzdan", "kripto varlık", "kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcı", "kripto varlık saklama hizmeti", "platform" gibi kavramların tanımlarının yapıldığını aktardı.
Abdullah Güler, "Kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcılarının kurulabilmesi ve faaliyete başlayabilmeleri için SPK'dan izin almaları zorunlu hale getirilmektedir. Böylece hizmet sağlayıcılarda işlem yapan kullanıcıların SPK denetiminde güvenli bir şekilde işlem yapmaları amaçlanmaktadır." dedi.
Kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcılarının da sistemlerini güvenli kılmakla yükümlü olduğunu dile getiren Güler, bilgi sistemleri ve teknolojik altyapıları konularında TÜBİTAK 'ın belirleyeceği kriterlere teklifte yer verildiğini belirtti.
AK Parti Grup Başkanı Güler, şöyle devam etti:
"Özgün blokzincir oluşturulması konusundaki yazılım mimarisi ve buna ilişkin teknolojiyi temsil eden kripto varlıkların satış ya da dağıtımının yapılması da düzenlenmekte, bu kapsamda dağıtık defter teknolojisinin veya benzer bir teknolojik altyapının geliştirilmesi suretiyle oluşturulan, değeri bu teknolojiden ayrıştırılamayan nitelikte olan kripto varlıkların satış ya da dağıtımının yapabilmesine yönelik Sermaye Piyasası Kurulunca belirleme yapılmasına imkan sağlanmaktadır. Bu nitelikteki kripto varlıkların belirlenmesi aşamasında TÜBİTAK'tan ya da diğer kurum ve kuruluşlardan teknik rapor alınması öngörülmektedir. Teklifle, bu kripto varlıkların ülkemizde gelişiminin önünün açılması, blokzincir ekosisteminde uluslararası mukayeseli üstünlük sağlanabilmesi ve öncülük yapılabilmesinin önü açılmaktadır."
Kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcıların müşterileri ile ilk ilişkiyi ne şekilde kuracaklarına ve kimlik tespitini ne şekilde yapacaklarına ilişkin belirlemenin teklifte yer aldığını anlatan Güler, kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcıların müşterilere karşı sorumluluğunu ortadan kaldıran veya sınırlandıran her türlü sözleşme şartının geçersiz olduğunun düzenlendiğini ifade etti.
"USUL VE ESASLAR SPK TARAFINDAN DÜZENLENECEKTİR"
Müşterilerin itiraz ve şikayetlerinin çözüleceği dahili mekanizmaların oluşturulacağını söyleyen Güler, şu bilgileri paylaştı:
"Platformlarda gerçekleştirilen makul ve ekonomik bir gerekçeyle açıklanamayan ve platform nezdindeki işlemlerin güven, açıklık ve istikrar içinde çalışmasını bozacak nitelikteki eylem ve işlemlere ilişkin tedbirler öngörülmektedir. Ayrıca getirilen düzenleme ile kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcılarının borçları nedeniyle müşterilerin kripto varlıklarının; kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcılarının mal varlığının ise müşterilerin borçları nedeniyle kamu alacakları için olsa dahi haczedilemeyeceği, rehnedilemeyeceği, iflas masasına dahil edilemeyeceği gibi konular da bu teklifte yer almakta ve hükme bağlanmaktadır. Yine kripto varlıklara yönelik yatırım danışmanlığı ve portföy yöneticiliği yapılmasına yönelik usul ve esaslar SPK tarafından düzenlenecektir."
İzin alınmaksızın sermaye piyasasında faaliyette bulunan kurum, kuruluş ve şahıslara karşı her türlü tedbiri almaya, gerekli görüldüğü takdirde sorumlulara yönelik hukuki ve cezai süreci takip etmeye SPK'nın yetkili olacağını aktaran Güler, şunları kaydetti:
"Teklif ile izinsiz sermaye piyasası faaliyetlerinin internet aracılığıyla yürütüldüğü hallerde yurt içi-yurt dışı ayrımı kaldırılmakta ve Kurulun internet üzerinden gerçekleştirilen hukuk dışı faaliyetler üzerindeki etkinliği artırılmaktadır. İzinsiz kripto varlık hizmeti sağlayıcılığı faaliyeti başlığında bir suç düzenlenmiş ve cezası da üç yıldan beş yıla kadar hapis olarak öngörülmüştür. Kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcıları bir ay içinde Kurula başvurmalı ya da üç ay içerisinde tasfiye kararı alacak şekilde planlama yapacaklardır. Tasfiye sürecinin üç ay gibi bir süre zarfında öngörülmesi, bu kurumların mali yapısını oluşturmaları ve tasfiye kararı için gereken genel kurul işlemlerinin tamamlanmasını sağlamak içindir. Ayrıca yurt dışında faaliyet gösteren kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcılarının faaliyetleri de geçiş dönemi ile birlikte sonlandırılmaktadır. Yurt dışındaki bu tür yapıların denetiminin tam olarak yapılamaması sebebine dayalı olarak bu tür bir hüküm de teklifimizde yer almaktadır."
"TEKLİFİMİZDE BİR VERGİLENDİRME SÖZ KONUSU DEĞİLDİR"
Müşterilerin varlıklarını kendi cüzdanlarında bulundurmasının esas olacağını vurgulayan Güler, bunun olmadığı durumda karşılaşılacak kayıpların müşterilerin kendi sorumluluğunda bulunacağını belirtti.
Kripto varlıklara yönelik saklama hizmetinin SPK tarafından yapılacak düzenleme uyarınca yetkilendirilmiş kuruluşlarca sunulacağını dile getiren Güler, işlemci ve saklamacı kuruluşların ayrıştırılacağını, güvenli bir sistem oluşturulmasının sağlanacağını söyledi.
Bir vergilendirmenin olup olmayacağının sorulması üzerine Abdullah Güler, "Teklifimizde bir vergilendirme söz konusu değildir. SPK'nın faizden arındırılmamış olan gelirden yüzde 1, TÜBİTAK 'ın da yüzde 1 payı olmak üzere toplamda hizmet bedeli olarak yüzde 2'lik bir gelir öngörülüyor." diye konuştu.
"DÜZENLEME SEKTÖRE YASAL BİR ZEMİN SAĞLAMAKTADIR"
AK Parti Genel Başkan Yardımcısı Ömer İleri de parti olarak dijital teknolojilerdeki gelişmeleri takip ettiklerini belirtti.
Yaygınlaşan kripto varlıklara ilişkin risk faktörlerinin bulunduğunu vurgulayan İleri, teklifin hazırlık sürecinde kapsayıcı bir çalışmanın yapıldığını bildirdi.
Ömer İleri, vatandaşları risklere karşı koruyabilmeyi ve blokzincir teknolojilerinde Türkiye'yi öncü hale getirmeyi amaçladıklarına işaret etti. İleri, şöyle konuştu:
"Düzenleme, temel olarak kripto varlıklara yasal bir tanım getirmekte ve bu şekilde sektöre yasal bir zemin sağlamaktadır. Platformlara, faaliyete geçmeleri noktasında organizasyonel yapıları, sermayeleri, bilgi işlem altyapıları noktalarında şartlar ve yükümlükler getirmekte; işlem görecek kripto varlıkların belirlenmesine ilişkin yazılı sistem prosedürü oluşturmalarını zorunlu kılmaktadır."
Ömer İleri, teklifle platformlara kripto varlık transferlerine ilişkin güvenli kayıt tutma yükümlülüğü getirileceğini bildirdi.
Teklifin, hukuka aykırı faaliyetlerde, izinsiz kripto varlık hizmet sağlayıcılığı, zimmet, piyasa bozucu eylemlerde uygulanacak yaptırımları ve cezaları belirlediğini anlatan İleri, düzenlemenin alanında öncü olduğunu sözlerine ekledi.