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Hangi ilin ne kadar deprem tehlikesi altında olduğunu gösteren harita 23 yıl sonra değiştirildi. Trabzon, Rize, Elazığ, Erzurum ve Aksaray'ın risk oranı yükseltildi. Deprem haritası, dünya üzerinde ülke ülke, şehir şehir ve bölge bölge, deprem riskinin gösterildiği haritaya deniyor. Söz konusu haritalar, sismotektonik haritalar ve deprem kaynak zonlarında meydana gelebilecek en büyük depremler esas alınarak hazırlanıyor. Ayrıca depreme neden olan kuvvetli yer hareketi ivme değerleri ve azalım ilişkileri de göz önünde bulunduruluyor. Peki Türkiye deprem haritası değişti mi? Deprem haritası nedir , hangi ilde ne kadar deprem tehlikesi var? İşte detaylar
İNŞAAT SEKTÖRÜNÜ ETKİLEYECEK
Yeni deprem haritasına göre Türkiye yüzölçümünün yüzde 18'i 1'inci derece deprem tehlikesi altında ve nüfusunun yüzde 27'si bu bölgede yaşıyor. Haritanın deprem tehlike analizi için gerekli veri artışına paralel olarak yeniden düzenlendiğini ifade eden Özmen, "Binalarımızın bu haritada verilen deprem tehlikesi değerlerine göre yapılmak zorunda olduğu ve mevcut binaların değerlendirilmesinin de buradaki tehlike değerlerine göre yapılmak zorunda olduğu gerçeği düşünüldüğünde, hepimiz doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak bir şekilde bu değişimlerden etkileneceğiz" dedi.
Deprem haritası nedir?
Deprem haritası, dünya üzerinde ülke ülke, şehir şehir ve bölge bölge, deprem riskinin gösterildiği haritaya deniyor. Söz konusu haritalar, sismotektonik haritalar ve deprem kaynak zonlarında meydana gelebilecek en büyük depremler esas alınarak hazırlanıyor. Ayrıca depreme neden olan kuvvetli yer hareketi ivme değerleri ve azalım ilişkileri de göz önünde bulunduruluyor.
Deprem haritasına göre ülkemizde beş farklı deprem bölgemiz bulunuyor. Deprem risk bölgelerin belirtildiği deprem haritası, bu bölgelerde nasıl bina yapılacağı yönetmeliğine kaynak oluyor. Ülkemizde 1.derece deprem bölgelerinde yer alan şehirlerde deprem olma riski çok fazla iken, 5. derece deprem bölgelerinde ise deprem olma riski az olarak ifade ediliyor.
Türkiye deprem bölgeleri
1. derece deprem bölgeleri
İstanbul, Çanakkale, Balıkesir, Manisa, İzmir, Aydın, Muğla, Denizli, Burdur, Isparta, Uşak, Bursa, Yalova, Bilecik, Sakarya, Kocaeli, Düzce, Bolu, Karabük, Çankırı, Bartın, Amasya, Tokat, Erzincan, Tunceli, Bingöl, Muş, Bitlis, Van, Hakkari, Şırnak, Siirt, Adıyaman, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye, Hatay, Kırşehir, Kırıkkale.
2. derece deprem bölgeleri
İstanbul, Tekirdağ, Zonguldak, Samsun, Erzurum, Ardahan, Kars, Iğdır, Ağrı, Van, Bitlis, Şırnak, Batman, Diyarbakır, Adıyaman, Elazığ, Malatya, Kahramanmaraş, Adana, Antalya, Afyon, Kütahya, Eskişehir, Uşak, Çankırı, Çorum.
3. derece deprem bölgeleri
Edirne, Tekirdağ, İstanbul, Kastamonu, Sinop, Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Bayburt, Artvin, Mardin, Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep, Kilis, Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Sivas, Kayseri, Yozgat, Nevşehir, Çorum, Ankara, Konya, Eskişehir, Antalya, İçel.
4. derece deprem bölgeleri
Edirne, Kırklareli, Sinop, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize, Artvin, Ankara, Konya, Aksaray, Nevşehir, Niğde, Adana.
5. derece deprem bölgeleri
Aksaray, Konya, Karaman, Niğde.
Deprem Nedir? Nasıl Oluşur? Deprem Çeşitleri Nelerdir ?
Dünya doğal afetler ile sarsılıyor, gün geçmiyor ki televizyonlarda bir doğal afet haberine rastlamayalım. Deprem ler, sel felaketleri, kasırgalar, toprak kaymaları en sık duyduğumuz haberler arasında. Ülkemizde de bir çok doğal afet meydana geliyor. Bunların en başında da "DEPREM " bulunuyor. DEPREM; yer kabuğu içindeki kırılmalar nedeniyle ani olarak ortaya çıkan titreşimlerin dalgalar halinde yayılarak geçtikleri ortamları ve yer yüzeyini sarsması olayıdır. Başka bir ifade ile anlatacak olursak; üzerine bastığımız, binalar inşa ettiğimiz toprak yüzeyini yerinden oynatan hatta inşa edilen binalara ve içindeki biz insanlara zararlar verebilen bir doğa olayıdır.
Deprem herhangi bir yerde, herhangi bir zamanda olabilir. Yer küre de meydana gelen depremlerin görülme sıklığı, büyüklüğü ve verdiği zararlar göz önüne alındığında iki ana deprem kuşağından bahsedilebilir. Bunlardan ilki Büyük Okyanus'u çevreleyen ve özellikle Japonya üzerinde etkili olan PASİFİK DEPREM kuşağıdır. (Yeryüzünde gerçekleşen depremlerin % 81'i bu kuşakta meydana gelir.) İkincisi ise Türkiye'nin de içinde bulunduğu; Cebelitarık'tan, Endonezya'ya kadar uzanan AKDENİZ-HİMALAYA deprem kuşağıdır. ( Yeryüzünde gerçekleşen depremlerin % 17'si bu kuşakta meydana gelir.)
Ülkemizdeki bilim adamlarının; televizyonlara çıkıp devamlı bizlere deprem le ile ilgili bilgiler verme sebebini biraz da olsa anladık sanırım. Ülkemiz ana deprem kuşaklarından birinin içinde ve bizler deprem konusunda donanımsal bilgilere sahip değiliz. Bu konuda ehil ağızların söylemlerine kulaklarımızı tıkamamalı, aksine daha dikkatle izlemeli, bize verilen bilgilerin hayati bilgiler olduğu gerçeğini kabul etmeliyiz.
Çoğu büyük ölçekli depremin kökeni ve yayılması LEVHA TEKTONİĞİ kuramıyla açıklanır.
Dünya yüzeyi kesintisiz gibi görünse de gerçekte dev bir yap-boz gibi birbirine geçmiş parçalardan oluşmaktadır. Levha adı verilen bu parçalar çok yavaş biçimde birbirlerine göre hareket ederler. Hareket halindeki bu levhaların arasında üç tür ilişki vardır. 1)YAKLAŞMA, 2)UZAKLAŞMA, 3)YAN YANA KAYMA.
Birbirine yaklaşan levha sınırına "yıkıcı", birbirinden uzaklaşan levha sınırlarına da "yapıcı" sınırlar denilmektedir. İşte en şiddetli depremler levhaların örtüşme bölgelerinde, levhalardan birinin diğerinin altına dalmasıyla oluşur.
Bunların çoğu; merkezi 300 km'den aşağıda olan derin odaklı deprem lerdir. Levhaların ayrıldığı ya da birbirine sürtüştüğü bölgelerde de yüzeyden algılanabilen sismik dalgalar oluşabilir, bu tür oluşan deprem ler genellikle daha küçük şiddette meydana gelirler.
Levhalar nedeniyle oluşan depremlere TEKTONİK deprem de denir ve dünya'da oluşan depremlerin % 90'ı bu kategoriye girer. Ülkemizde gerçekleşen depremlerin çoğu bahsettiğimiz gibi Tektonik depremlerdir. Diğer bir deprem şekli ise VOLKANİK depremlerdir, volkanların püskürmesi sonucu oluşurlar.
Volkanik depremler yanardağlarla ilgili olduğundan yereldirler ve önemli zararlara neden olmazlar. İtalya ve Japonya'da oluşan depremlerin bir kısmı bu kategoride yer alır.
Bir başka deprem tipi de ÇÖKÜNTÜ depremlerdir, yeraltındaki mağara gibi boşlukların çökmesi sonucu oluşurlar. Volkanik depremler gibi, çöküntü depremler de yereldir ve fazla zarara sebebiyet vermezler.
Deprem nedir, deprem'e neler sebep olur, deprem çeşitleri nelerdir gibi sorulara cevaplar bulduktan sonra şimdi deprem'in tariflenebilmesi ve anlaşılabilmesi için hangi kavramlardan bahsedebiliriz ona bakalım.
Herhangi bir yerde deprem olduğunda bu depremin tariflenebilmesi ve anlaşılabilmesi için bazı DEPREM PARAMETRELERİ vardır. Bunlardan biri "odak noktası"dır.
Odak noktası: Yer içerisinde deprem enerjisinin ortaya çıktığı noktadır. Aynı zamanda iç merkez olarak ta isimlendirilir.
Dış merkez: Odak noktasına en yakın durumda olan yeryüzü noktasıdır, aynı zamanda deprem den en fazla zarar gören ve deprem i en kuvvetli hisseden bölgedir.
Odak derinliği: Depremde enerjinin açığa çıktığı noktanın yeryüzünden en kısa uzaklığı, depremin odak derinliği olarak adlandırılır. Depremler odak derinliklerine göre sınıflandırılabilirler. 0 – 60 km derinliğinde olan depremler SIĞ, 70 " 300 km derinde olan depremler ORTA DERİNLİKTE olan depremler, 300 km den daha derinde olan depremler ise DERİN depremler olarak sınıflandırılırlar.
Şiddet: Herhangi bir derinlikte meydana gelen depremin yeryüzünde hissedildiği bir noktadaki etkisinin ölçüsü olarak isimlendirilebilir. Depremin şiddeti, doğa, yapılar ve insanlar üzerindeki etkilerinin bir ölçüsüdür.
Magnitüd: Deprem sırasında açığa çıkan enerjinin bir ölçüsü olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Bazen büyük deprem olmadan önce küçük sarsıntılar meydana gelir, bu küçük sarsıntılara ÖNCÜ DEPREM adını veririz.
Depremlerin nasıl oluştuğunu, deprem dalgalarının ne şekilde yayıldıklarını, ölçü aletleri ve yöntemlerini inceleyen bilim dalına SİSMOLOJİ olarak isimlendiririz. Deprem ölçen alete SİSMOGRAF, depremin şiddetini ölçen alete de RİCHTER ÖLÇEĞİ ismini veriyoruz.