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Çin 'in bir bölgesinde bir yarasa gökyüzünde süzülüyor ve geçtiği ormanlardan birine dışkısıyla koronavirüs ün izini bırakıyor. Ormandaki yaban hayvanlarından biri, muhtemelen yaprakların arasında böcek arayan bir pangolin (karıncayiyen), bu dışkıya ulaşıyor ve enfeksiyonu kapıyor.
Yeni virüs de vahşi yaşam döngüsüne girmiş oluyor. Enfeksiyonu kapan hayvanlardan biri, bir kişi tarafından avlanınca da, hastalık bu kişiye bulaşıyor. Ve virüs yaban hayvanlarının satıldığı pazardaki işçilere bulaşıyor. Küresel boyutlara ulaşacak salgın da böylece doğmuş oluyor.
Bilim insanları, bu senaryoyu doğrulayacak kanıtlara ulaşmaya çalışırken, bir yandan da virüsün bulaştığı yaban hayvanlarını bulmak için çabalıyor. Londra Hayvanbilimleri Topluluğu'ndan Prof. Andrew Cunningham, olaylar dizisini keşfetmeye çalışmanın 'detektiflik hikâyesi gibi' olduğunu söylüyor
YARASALARIN ETKİSİ Bilim insanları, hasta bir kişiden aldıkları yeni virüsün genetik kodunu incelediklerinde sonuçlar Çin'deki yarasalara işaret etmişti. Büyük koloniler halinde hareket eden bu memeliler uzun mesafeler arası uçuyor ve hemen hemen her kıtada bulunuyor. Nadir olarak hastalanan yarasalar, taşıdıkları mikropları uzaklara ve geniş kitlelere yayabiliyor.
Londra UCL üniversitesinden Prof. Kate Jones'a göre uçmanın gerektirdiği enerjiye uyum sağlayan yarasalar, zarar gören DNA'ları da iyileştirme özelliğine sahip. Jones, "Bu da, yarasaların hastalığa yakalanmadan virüslerle mücadele edebilmelerini sağlıyor, ama bu şimdilik sadece bir fikir" diyor.
Virüsün yayılmasında yarasaların davranış tarzlarının etkili olduğu şüphesiz. Nottingham Üniversitesi'nden Prof. Jonathan Ball bunu şöyle açıklıyor:
"Yarasaların yaşam tarzlarını göz önünde bulundurduğunuzda birçok farklı virüse sahip olduklarını düşünebilirsiniz. Memeli oldukları için bazılarında, doğrudan veya başka bir canlı aracılığıyla insanlara bulaştırma ihtimali var."
PANGOLİN ŞÜPHESİ Bu bilinmezin ikinci kısmı da, virüsün Vuhan'daki pazara gidene kadar geçen sürede, hangi hayvanın için de kuluçka sürecinde olduğunun tespit edilmesi. Şüphelilerden biri pangolin (karıncayiyici).
Karınca yiyen bu hayvan, dünyada kaçakçılığı en çok yapılan memeli olarak biliniyor. Soyları da tükenme tehlikesi altında. Pangolinler, özellikle Asya'da revaçta. Geleneksel Çin ilaçlarının yapımında kullanılıyorlar. Ayrıca etlerini lezzetli bulup gıda olarak tüketen de birçok kesim var.
Pangolinlerde de koronavirüs ler bulunuyor. Bazılarının yapısının da insanlara bulaşan bu yeni koronavirüsle çok büyük benzerlikler gösterdiği iddia ediliyor. Dolayısıyla yarasalar ile pangolinler arasında virüs geçişi yaşanmış olabilir mi? Uzmanlar henüz nihai bir sonuca varmaktan kaçınıyor zira pangolinlerle ilgili yürütülen araştırmaların verileri henüz açıklanmadı. Bu da bilgilerin teyit edilmesini şimdilik imkânsız kılıyor.
Prof. Cunningham araştırmada kullanılan pangolinlerin sayısının ve kökenlerinin önemli olduğunu söylüyor: "Örneğin, vahşi doğadan doğrudan alınan birkaç farklı hayvan mı (ki öyle bir durumda araştırma sonuçları daha anlamlı olur), yoksa sınırları belirli koruma altındaki bir bölgeden alınan hayvanlar mı ya da bir pazardan alınan hayvanlar mı (öyle bir durumda da virüsün kaynağı doğrudan tespit edilmiş olmaz mı)? "
YABAN HAYVAN PAZARLARI Pangolinler ve yarasa türlerinin de aralarında olduğu birçok hayvan pazarlarda satılıyor. Prof. Cunningham'a göre bu da virüslerin bir türden diğerine rahatlıkla geçmesini sağlıyor: "Dolayısıyla pazar yerleri mikropların bir yerden diğerine, insanlar dahil geçebilmesi için ideal ortamı yaratıyor."
Vuhan'da salgından sonra kapatılan pazarda yaban hayvanları bölümü de vardı. Bu bölümde, deve, koala ve kuş parçaları dâhil avlanan hayvanlar satılıyordu. Guardian gazetesi pazardaki bir dükkânın envanterinde yavru kurtlar, ağustosböcekleri, akrepler, bambu sıçanları, sincaplar, tilkiler, misk kedileri, kirpiler, semenderler, kaplumbağalar ve timsahlar bulunduğunu yazmıştı.
Yarasalar veya pangolinlerin listelerde bulunup bulunmadığını henüz bilmiyoruz. Ama Çin li yetkililer pazarda hangi hayvanların satıldığını tespit etmek için istihbarat topluyor. Prof. Ball "Böyle bir şeyin tekrar yaşanmaması için hangi hayvanda bulunduğunun tespit edilmesi gerekiyor, bu kadar yayılmasına neden olan risklerin de belirlenmesi gerekiyor" diyor.
Son yıllarda ortaya çıkan virüslerin birçoğu vahşi hayvan lardan geçti. Ebola, HIV, SARS ve şimdi de yeni koronavirüs te de durum aynı. Prof. Jones enfeksiyona bağlı salgın hastalıklardaki artışın, insanların da bu tip virüsleri tespit edebilme yeteneklerinin de gelişmesine ve vahşi yaşamla olan ilişkinin güçlenmesine bağlıyor.
'HAYVANLARA ZARAR VERMEDEN ÇÖZÜLMELİ' Prof Cunningham, risk faktörlerinin anlaşılması durumunda yaban hayvanlarına da zarar vermeden virüsün önlenmesi için adımlar atılabileceğini söylüyor. Doğal yaşamı koruma aktivistleri, her ne kadar virüsün kaynağı olarak gösterilseler de yarasaların ekosistemin işleyişinde önemli bir rol oynadıklarını ifade ediyor.
Prof Cunningham "Böcek yarasaları, sinek ve tarıma zarar veren canlılar dahil birçok böceği devasa boyutlarda yiyor. Meyve yarasaları da ağaçlara polen yayıyor ve tohumlarının çevreye yayılmasını sağlıyor. Yarasaların 'salgın önleme' adı altında yanıltıcı bir şekilde ıskartaya çıkarılmamaları lazım" uyarısında bulunuyor.
2002-2003 yıllarında görülen SARS salgınında da benzer bir koronavirüs görülmüştü. Yaban hayvanlarının satışına geçici süreyle yasak getirilmişti ama pazarlar yine kısa sürede Çin genelinde, Vietnam'da Güneydoğu Asya'da ortaya çıkmıştı. Çin yine genelde gıda, kürk ve geleneksel ilaç üretiminde kullanılan yaban hayvanları ve ürünlerinin alım satımını askıya aldı. Bu yasağın kalıcı olabileceğine dair haberler de geliyor.
Binlerce kişinin ölümüne neden olan hastalığın asıl sorumlusunun ne olduğu ve nasıl yayıldığı henüz kesin olarak bilinmese de East Anglia Üniversitesi'nden Prof. Diana Bell şu uyarıda bulunuyor: "Farklı ülkelerden farklı habitatlardan ve farklı yaşam tarzlarından, sudan ağaçlardan birçok hayvanı bir araya getiriyoruz, hepsini birbirileriyle karıştırıp bir potada eritiyoruz. Artık buna bir son vermeliyiz."
ARTIK ONLARI YEMEK YASAK! Çin vahşi hayvan ların tüketimini ve yasa dışı ticaretini yasakladığını duyurdu. Bazı uzmanlar corona virüsünün kaynağının bu yasa dışı pazarlar olduğunu ifade ediyordu.
Bu kararın Çinli yetkililerin virüsün yayılmasını durdurmak için 26 Ocak'ta vahşi hayvan ticaretini askıya almasından sonra gerçekleştirdikleri en radikal karar olduğu ifade ediliyor.