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Komplo teorisyenleri, Çin 'in Vuhan kentinde Aralık 2019'da görülmeye başlamasının ardından corona virüsün bir laboratuvar ürünü olduğunu iddia etmekte gecikmedi.
Ancak bilim insanları, virüsün hayvan kaynaklı bir hastalık olduğu ve hayvandan insana geçtiği konusunda hemfikir. Buna göre virüs başka bir memeliye bulaşmadan önce yarasalarda görülüyordu.
Virüsün laboratuvarda üretilmediği gerçeği, insanların şu an yaşadığımız pandemide bir rolü olmadığı anlamına gelmiyor. ABD ve Avustralya 'da yapılan kapsamlı bir araştırma, doğal yaşam alanlarına insanlar tarafından yapılan müdahalenin, biyolojik çeşitliliğin azalmasının ve ekosistemdeki bozulmanın virüslerin daha geniş bir ölçekte yayılma olasılığını arttırdığını ortaya koyuyor. İlk kez rastlanan bulaşıcı hastalıkların sayısı 1980'lerden bu yana her on yılda bir üçe katlanmış durumda. Bunların üçte ikisi hayvan kaynaklı ve bunun yüzde 70'i de vahşi hayvan lardan insanlara bulaşıyor. Bunlar arasında Ebola, HIV, domuz gribi ve kuş gribi var örneğin.
COVID-19'un hızlı bir şekilde yayılması, bize salgınların birbiriyle sürekli iletişim halinde olan toplumlar aracılığıyla ne kadar çabuk pandemiye dönüşebileceğini gösterdi. Bu hızlı yayılım pek çok insanı şaşırtmış olsa da bilim insanları aslında çok uzun süredir bu tehlikeye dikkat çekiyordu.
Sürdürülebilir Avrupa Araştırma Enstitüsü'nden çevrebilimci Joachim Spangenberg'e göre ekosistemleri bozmakla hayvanlarda bulunan virüslerin de insana geçmesinin koşullarını hazırlamış olduk. DW'ye konuşan Spanberg, "Bu durumu yaratan biziz, hayvanlar değil" diyor.
ORMANSIZLAŞMA VE DOĞAL YAŞAM ALANI TAHRİBİ İnsanlar ormanları tahrip edip diğer canlıların doğal yaşam alanlarına yerleştikçe, hastalıklara yol açan ama normalde bu alanlardan dışarı çıkmayacak olan organizmalara maruz kalıyor. Teksas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Merkezi'nden virolog Prof. Yan Xiang'e göre vahşi hayvan lara giderek daha da fazla yaklaşıyoruz. Xiang, "Bu bizi vahşi hayvanlardaki virüslerle daha çok temasa geçiriyor" diyor.
Benzer bir şekilde Yeni Zelanda 'daki Massey Üniversitesi'nden enfeksiyon hastalıkları profesörü David Hayman da, "Nüfusun ve nüfus yoğunluğunun artması ile doğal yaşam alanlarının insanlar ve çiftlik hayvanları tarafından tahrip edilmesi enfeksiyon riskini artırıyor" saptamasında bulunuyor.
Ekosistemlerin tahrip edilmesinin sadece virüslerin hayvandan insana bulaşmasına değil, doğadaki virüslerin miktarı ve bu virüslerin nasıl davrandığına da etkisi var. Geçen yüz yıl için de, dünyadaki organizmaların üçte ikisinin yuvası olan tropik ormanların yarısı imha edildi. Doğal yaşam alanındaki bu çarpıcı kayıp elbette tüm ekosistemi etkileyecek. "Bunun içine sürekli unuttuğumuz enfeksiyonlar da dahil" diyor Profesör Hayman.
Bilim insanları, beslenme zincirinin üstünde yer alan hayvanların azalmasıyla daha aşağıdaki hayvanların, örneğin daha çok patojen, yani hastalığa neden olan bir organizma taşıyan tavşan ya da farelerin, bu boşluğu doldurduğuna dikkat çekiyor. Doğal Yaşam ı Koruma Derneği'nden Alice Latinne , "Bu sadece ekosistemimizde ne kadar tür olmasıyla ilgili değil. Hangi türlerin olduğuyla da ilgili bir mesele" diyor. DW'ye konuşan Latinne, "Her tür, ekosistemde farklı bir rol oynar ve birini diğeriyle değiştirdiğinizde hastalık riskini çok büyük oranda artırmış olursunuz. Bunu bazen tahmin bile edemeyiz" değerlendirmesinde bulunuyor.
Doğal yaşam alanlarının tahribi aynı zamanda hayvanları ve tabii onların taşıdığı patojenleri de başka bölgelerde yaşamaya itiyor. İnsanların yaşadığı bölgeler gibi...
Latinne buna 1990'ların sonunda Malezya 'da ortaya çıkan Nipah virüsünü örnek veriyor. Ülkedeki ormansızlaşma, meyve yarasalarını yaşam alanları olan ormanlardan domuz çiftliklerindeki mango ağaçlarına yönlendirdi. Bunun sonucunda yarasalarda bulunan patojenler domuzlara yarasa dışkısı ve tükürük ile geçmiş oldu. Daha sonra da domuzlar bunu çiftçilere bulaştırdılar.
Latinne buna 1990'ların sonunda Malezya 'da ortaya çıkan Nipah virüsünü örnek veriyor. Ülkedeki ormansızlaşma, meyve yarasalarını yaşam alanları olan ormanlardan domuz çiftliklerindeki mango ağaçlarına yönlendirdi. Bunun sonucunda yarasalarda bulunan patojenler domuzlara yarasa dışkısı ve tükürük ile geçmiş oldu. Daha sonra da domuzlar bunu çiftçilere bulaştırdılar.
CANLI HAYVAN PAZARLARI Öte yandan vahşi hayvan pazarları bulaşıcı hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasının önünü açıyor. Bilim insanları da corona virüsün, Çin 'deki bir hayvan pazarında ortaya çıkma ihtimalinin güçlü olduğuna inanıyor. "Stresli ve hasta hayvanları kafeslere koyup bir arada bulundurmanın, patojenleri yaymaları için harika bir alan açtığı" görüşünü dile getiren Spangenberg, bunun aynı zamanda bir canlıdan diğer canlıya hastalık bulaşmasının da önünü açtığı kanısında… Bu nedenle bilim insanları dünyada en azından canlı hayvan pazarları için katı düzenlemeler getirilmesi gerektiğini belirtiyor.
Bu konu aynı zamanda Birleşmiş Milletler Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi Başkanı Elizabeth Maruma Mrema tarafından da dillendirildi. Ancak Mrema, özellikle düşük gelirli toplumlarda milyonlarca insanın bu pazarların sağladığı gıda ve gelir kaynaklarıyla yaşamını sürdürdüğüne dikkat çekiyor. Bu da konuyu karmaşık bir hale getiriyor. Bu pazarların hayvan sömürüsünün bir parçası olduğuna vurgu yapan Mrema, "Yoksulluk, işe erişim, insanların uzak bölgelerde nasıl muamele gördüğü ve insanların gıda maddelerine nasıl baktıklarının" da yayılmalara yol açan koşullar olduğunu belirtiyor.
Doğal Yaşam ı Koruma Derneği'nden Alice Latinne ise sadece ekonomik düzeyde bakıldığında bile "değişmek zorunda kalınacağından" bahsediyor. Zira hastalıkların ortaya çıkması ve bunun yayılma maliyeti, çevreyi sömürmenin ekonomik getirisinden çok daha yüksek. "Doğanın bir parçasıyız. Sağlığımız vahşi hayat ile, hayvan sağlığı ve çevre sağlığı ile bağlantılı. Ekosistemin bir parçasıyız" diyor Latinne ve ekliyor: "Birlikte güvenle yaşamanın daha iyi bir yolunu bulmalıyız."