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Oruç Farsça'daki rûze kelimesinin Türkçeleşmiş şeklidir. Arapça'sı savm ve sıyâmdır. Savm kelimesi Arapça'da "bir şeyden uzak durmak, bir şeye karşı kendini tutmak, engellemek" anlamında kullanılır. Âyette orucun başlangıç ve bitiş vakti, mecazi bir anlatımla şöyle belirtilir: "...Fecrin beyaz ipliği (aydınlığı) siyah ipliğinden (siyahlığından) ayırt edilecek hale gelinceye kadar yiyip içiniz; sonra, akşama kadar orucu tamamlayın..." (el-Bakara 2/187). İmsak vaktinden iftar vaktine kadar yeme, içme ve cinsel ilişkiden uzak durmanın bir amacı olmalı ve bu iş bilinçli olarak yapılmalıdır. Peki Niyet etmeden oruç tutulur mu ? Sahur a kalkmadan oruç tutulur mu? Sahursuz oruç tutulur mu ?
SAHURA KALKMADAN ORUÇ TUTULUR MU?
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu Başkanlığı internet sayfasında "Oruca ne zaman ve nasıl niyet edilir?" sorusunun cevabı şu şekilde yer aldı:
Niyet etmek orucun şartlarındandır. Niyetsiz oruç sahih değildir. Kalben niyet etmek yeterli ise de niyeti dil ile ifade etmek menduptur. Oruç için sahur a kalkılması da niyet sayılır.
Ramazan orucu, belli günlerde tutulmak üzere adanan oruçlar ile nafile oruçlar için niyet etme vakti, güneşin batması ile ertesi gün tepe noktasına gelmesi öncesine kadarki süredir Ancak imsaktan sonra yapılacak niyetin geçerli olması için bu vakitten itibaren bir şey yenilip içilmemiş, oruca aykırı bir iş yapılmamış olması gerekir. Aksi takdirde gündüz niyet caiz olmaz (Kâsânî, Bedâî', II, 85). Bu oruçlar için, "yarınki orucu tutmaya" şeklinde mutlak niyet yeterlidir. Bununla birlikte geceden niyet edilmesi ve "yarınki Ramazan orucuna" şeklinde orucun belirlenmesi daha faziletlidir. Ramazanın her günü için ayrı niyet edilmesi gerekir (Mevsılî, el-İhtiyâr, I, 397, 400).
Kaza, keffaret ve bir zamana bağlı olmaksızın adanan oruçlar için gün batımından itibaren en geç imsak vaktine kadar niyet edilmiş olmalıdır. Bu tür oruçlara niyet edilirken, "falanca kaza, keffaret veya adak orucuna" şeklinde belirtilmesi gerekir. Şafiî mezhebine göre ise nafile dışındaki tüm oruçlara geceden niyet edilmelidir. İmsak vaktine kadar niyet edilmemişse o günün orucu geçerli olmaz. Nafile oruçlara ise güneş tepe noktasına gelmeden öncesine kadar niyet edilebilir (Şirâzî, el-Mühezzeb, I, 331-332).
ORUÇ TUTMAKLA YÜKÜMLÜ OLMANIN ŞARTLARI NEDİR?
İslam'a göre, bireyin sorumlu olmasının temel şartları müslüman, akıllı ve ergenlik çağına ulaşmış olmaktır. Dolayısıyla bu şartlar, oruç ibadeti ile sorumlu olmanın da şartlarıdır. Buna göre, bir kimsenin Ramazan ayında oruç tutmasının farz olması için öncelikle müslüman ve âkil-bâliğ olması gerekir. İbadetlerle yükümlü olma şartlarını taşıdığı hâlde bazı özel durumlardaki kimselere oruç tutmama ruhsatı verilmiştir. İbadetlerle yükümlü olmamakla birlikte ergenlik yaşına gelmeyen çocukların alıştırılmak ve ısındırılmak maksadıyla namaz kılmaları ve oruç tutmaları teşvik edilir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.), yedi yaşından on yaşına kadarki sürede çocuğun namaza alıştırılmasını önermiştir.
SAHURSUZ ORUÇ TUTULUR MU?
Oruç tutulurken yapılan sık hatalardan biri de sahur u atlamak, sadece iftar ve sonrasında yenilenlerle oruç tutmaya kalkmaktır. Uzmanlar, sahursuz orucun sağlıksızlığına dikkat çekiyor.
Normalde günde üç öğün beslenip öğle-akşam aralığında bir şeyler atıştırarak günü ancak tamamlayabilen birinin öğün sayısı ve yiyecek içecek miktarını aniden ve ciddi miktarlarda azaltmasıyla oluşabilecek bazı problemleri -örneğin hipoglisemi- yaşamaması için ramazan menüleri hazırlanırken sahura da iftar kadar önem vermek gerekiyor.
Sahura hiç kalkmadan sadece akşamdan yedikleriyle bütün bir günü oruçlu olarak tamamlamaya çalışmak metabolizma için ciddi bir tehdit haline gelebiliyor.
SAHUR NEDİR?
Sahur yemeği, oruç tutacak kişilerin imsak vaktinden önce gece yedikleri yemektir. Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.) sahura kalkmış ve bunu ümmetine de tavsiye etmiştir (Buhârî, Savm, 19, 20).
Resûl-i Ekrem (s.a.s.), sahur yemeğinde "bereket" (Buhârî, Savm, 20) olduğunu ifade etmiş ve sahur yemeğinin, müslümanların orucu ile ehl-i kitabın orucu arasındaki en önemli farklardan biri olduğunu belirtmiştir (Müslim, Sıyâm, 46). Onun sahurla ilgili söz ve uygulamalarından hareketle fakihler, sahura kalkmanın ve sahuru geciktirmenin sünnet olduğunu söylemişlerdir (Kâsânî, Bedâî', II, 105).
Âlimler, sahurun oruca dayanma gücü verdiğini, maddi-manevi bereketlere vesile olacağını bildirmişlerdir. Çünkü kişi sahura kalkmakla seher vaktini uyanık geçirmiş ve bu vakitte hem dua hem de istiğfar etmek suretiyle cennet ehlinin özelliklerine sahip olmuştur (Zâriyât, 51/18). Bu şekilde manevi lezzetlerle başlanan oruç daha canlı, daha şevkli tutulur. Bu tür maddi-manevi bereketleri olan sahur, ihmal edilmemelidir.
İMSAK NEDİR?
İmsak, Arapça'da, "kendini tutmak, engellemek" anlamına gelir. Orucun temel unsuru da (rükün) bu anlamdır. İmsak vakti tabiri, dilimizde, oruç yasaklarından (yeme içme ve cinsel ilişki) uzak durma vaktinin başlangıcı anlamında kullanılır. İmsak vakti, tan yerinin ağarması vakti olup, bu andan itibaren yatsı namazının vakti çıkmış, sabah namazının vakti girmiş olur; bu vakit aynı zamanda sahur un sona erip orucun başlaması vaktidir.
ORUCUN BAŞLAMA VE BİTİŞ VAKTİ
Ayette orucun başlangıç ve bitiş vakti, mecazi bir anlatımla şöyle belirtilir: "…Fecrin beyaz ipliği (aydınlığı) siyah ipliğinden (siyahlığından) ayırt edilecek hale gelinceye kadar yiyip içiniz; sonra, akşama kadar orucu tamamlayın…" (el-Bakara 2/187) FARZ ORUÇ Farz olan oruç denince, Ramazan orucu kastedilir ve zaten tayin edilmiş, önceden belirlenmiş (muayyen) olan oruç da budur. Mazeretli veya mazeret siz olarak tutulamadığı zaman, başka bir zaman kaza edilmesi de aynı şekilde farzdır.
Ramazan orucunun bozulması sebebiyle tutulması gereken kefaret orucu yanında ayrıca, zıhar, yanlışlıkla ve kaza ile adam öldürme, hacda ihramlı iken vaktinden önce tıraş olma (halk) ve yemin için tutulacak olan kefaret oruçları da farz oruç kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Kefaret orucu, yapılan bir hatanın cezası veya telafisi anlamını taşıdığından kişi için baştan belirlenmiş bir yükümlülük olmayıp, buna sebebiyet vermesi halinde gündeme gelebilen arızi bir yükümlülük niteliğindedir. Bu bakımdan Ramazan orucu "muayyen farz", diğerleri ise "gayr-i muayyen farz" olarak nitelendirilir.
Ramazan orucu sadece belirli bir vakitte, yani Ramazan ayında tutulabilirken, diğerleri oruç tutmanın mubah olduğu her zaman tutulabilir. Ramazan orucunun kazası da istenilen mubah günlerde tutabilir. Fakat İmam Şafii'nin kazaya kalan orucun aynı yıl içerisinde kaza edilmesi gerektiğine ilişkin görüşü de dikkate alınarak, herhangi bir sebeple kazaya kalan orucu mümkün olan en kısa zamanda tutmaya çalışmak uygun olur.