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Kur'ân-ı Kerîm'de Hz. Peygamber hakkında "ve sen elbette yüce bir ahlâk üzeresin" (el-Kalem 68/4) buyurulmakta ve bu yüce ahlâka eriştirilen sevgili Peygamberimiz yine Kur'ân-ı Kerîm'de bize "en güzel örnek" (elAhzâb 33/21) olarak tanıtılmaktadır. Kurban bayramında kabirleri (ölmüşleri) ziyaret etmek, onlara Yasin ve mülk sureleri gibi Kuran okumak, onlara hediyeler göndermek çok faziletli ibadetlerdir. Yine bu mübarek bayram günlerinde istiğfar, salavat, kelime-i tevhit okuyarak hususi hatimler yapmakta faziletli ibadetlerdendir. Ayrıca bin ihlası şerif okuyarak ihlas hatmi yapmak tavsiye edilen ibadetlerdendir. Peki peygamberimiz HZ MUHAMMED (sav) bayramda ne yapardı?
PEYGAMBER EFENDİMİZ BAYRAMDA NE YAPARDI?
Peygamber Efendimiz bayram sabahında namazgaha çıkardı. Peygamber hanımlarının da, diğer hanımlar ve kızlarla birlikte namazgaha çıkması istenirdi. Kadınlar cemaatin arka tarafında yer alırlardı.
"Bu günümüzde yapacağımız ilk şey namaz kılmaktır"(1) mealindeki hadise dayanarak Ramazan ve Kurban bayramları bayram namaz larının kılınmasıyla başlar.
Hz. Peygamber, "Arefe günü, kurban günü ve teşrik günleri biz Müslümanların bayramıdır. Bu günler yeme içme günleridir"(2) buyurmuştur.
Ramazan Bayramı da bu manada bir gün olarak kabul etmiş ve bu bayramı Ramazan orucunun iftar günü olarak nitelendirmiştir.(3) Bu sır içindir ki, Ramazan ve Kurban Bayramlarında oruç tutmak haram kılınmıştır. Bir gün önce oruç bozmak haramken, bir gün sonra oruç tutmanın haram olması, mü'minlerin düşünce ve duygu dünyasında nimetlerin gerçek Sahibini hatırlatan en etkili bir sebeptir.
Herkes bir gün önce kimin emrine uyarak oruç tutuyorsa, bugün de O'nun rızasına uyarak orucunu açar. Ve Onun gerçek nimet Sahibi olduğunu hakkıyla idrak ederek, gerçek bir şükre yol bulur.
Bayram bir aylık orucun toplu bir iftarı olduğu için, günlük iftarların sünnet türünden âdabı bayramda da yerine getirilir. Nitekim orucunu tatlı bir şeyle açmayı adet edinen Peygamber Efendimiz Aleyhissalâtü Vesselam , Ramazan Bayramına da tatlı yiyerek başlarlardı. Bayram sabahında hurma gibi bir tatlı ile bir aylık oruçlarını açmadan evlerinden ayrılmazlardı. (4)
"Ramazan ve Kurban bayramlarını "La ilahe illallah" lar ile "Allahü ekber" lerle "Elhamdülillah" larla "Sübhanallah" larla süsleyiniz." (Ebu Nuaym)
"Tekbir getirmek suretiyle bayramlarınızı süsleyiniz." (Taberani)
Her vesile ile bizleri ibadete ve ahiret amellerine teşvik buyuran Peygamber Efendimiz Aleyhissalâtü Vesselam , yılın iki bayram gecesinde kalkıp ibadet etmeyi tavsiye ederlerdi. Bu gecelerde uyanık bulunmanın, kalbin uyanıklığına vesile olduğunu bildirirlerdi. Bunu bir hadis-i şeriflerinde şöyle ifade etmişlerdi:
"Sevabını Allah'tan umarak iki bayram gecesinde kalkıp ibadet eden kimsenin kalbi, kalblerin öldüğü gün ölmez." (5)
Bayramlar saadet asrında da bambaşka bir hava ve neş'e içinde yaşanırdı. Peygamber Efendimiz Aleyhissalâtü Vesselam bayram sabahında namazgaha çıkardı. Peygamber hanımlarının da, diğer hanımlar ve kızlarla birlikte namazgaha çıkması istenirdi. Kadınlar cemaatin arka tarafında yer alırlardı.(6) Kılınan bayram namaz ından sonra Peygamberimizin Aleyhissalâtü Vesselam cemaate hitaben bir hutbe okuduğunu anlatan îbni Mes'ud (r.a.) devamla şöyle der:
"Resulullah Aleyhissalâtü Vesselam üzerine şehadet ederim ki, o namazı hutbeden önce kıldı. Sonra hutbe okudu. Daha sonra kadınlara işittiremediğini düşünüp onların yanına geldi. Onlara hatırlatmalarda bulundu. Ve şu ayeti okudu: "Ey Peygamber! İnanmış kadınlar Allah'a hiçbir şey ortak koşmamak, hırsızlık yapmamak, zina etmemek, çocuklarını öldürmemek, elleri ve ayakları arasında uydurdukları iftira ile gelmemek, iyi işlerde sana isyan etmemek konusunda biat etmeye geldikleri zaman, biatlerini kabul et ve onlar için af dile! Şüphesiz ki Allah, Gafûr ve Rahîm'dir."
Sonra:
– Bütün bunlar üzerine biat eder misiniz? diye sordu. İçlerinden biri:
– Evet Yâ Resûlallah! dedi. Allah Res ûlü (a.s.m.):
– Sadaka verin! buyurarak onları zekât vermeye teşvik etti. Onu dinleyen hanımlar kulaklarındaki küpeleri, kollarındaki bilezikleri çıkarıp ne kadar yüzük gerdanlık varsa onları çıkardılar. Bilâl-i Habeşî elbisesini yere serdi:
– Anam babam size feda olsun bağışlarınızı getirin diye seslendi. Hanımlar bileziklerini, küpelerini, yüzüklerini Bilâl-i Habeşî'nin elbisesinin üzerine koymaya başladılar. Elbise takılarla doldu. Allah Resûlü (a.s.m.) bayram bittikten sonra orada durmayıp evine ailesinin yanına döndü." (7)
Bu hadise yi anlatan sahabilerden biri, "Kadınların bu verdikleri Ramazan Bayramı zekatı mı idî?" sualine şöyle cevap verdi: "Hayır, lakin o vakit verdikleri bir sadaka idi. Kadınlar yüzüklerini atıyor ve atıyorlardı."(8)
Aynı olaya işaret eden Ebu Saidi'l-Hudri de (r.a.) bayram gününde en çok sadaka verenlerin kadınlar olduğunu anlatır.
Ramazan Bayramı, bağışlanmış olmanın bir sevinç işaretidir. Bu bağışlanma müjdesini insanlara melekler veriyor.
Sa'd bin Evs el-Ensârî anlatıyor: Resulullah Sallal-lahü Aleyhi Vesellem şöyle buyurmuştur.
Ramazan Bayramı sabahı melekler yollara dökülür ve şöyle seslenirler: "Ey Müslümanlar topluluğu! Keremi bol olan Rabbinizin rahmetine koşunuz. O, bol iyilik ve ihsanda bulunur. Sonra onlara bol bol mükâfatlar verilir. Siz gece ibadet etmekle emrolundunuz ve emri yerine getirdiniz. Gündüz oruç tutmakla emrolundunuz, orucu tuttunuz ve Rabbinize itaat ediniz, mükâfatınızı alınız.
Bayram namazını kıldıktan sonra bir münadi şöyle seslenir:
"Dikkat ediniz, müjde size! Rabbiniz sizi bağışladı, evlerinize doğru yola ermiş olarak dönünüz. Bayram günü mükâfat günüdür. Bugün semâ âleminde mükâfat günü olarak ilan edilir."(9)
Bayram günleri sevinç günleri olduğu için, bu sevincin açıkça gösterilmesine vesile olacak meşru oyun ve eğlencelere de müsaade edilmiştir. Bu hususta Müslim'de ayrı bir bab ayrılmış ve misaller verilmiştir. Bunlardan birinde Hazret-i Âişe (r.a.) şöyle anlatır:
"Bir grup Habeşli, bir bayram günü mızrak ve kalkanlarıyla gösteriler yaparken rakseder gibi oynuyorlardı. Peygamber Aleyhissalâtü Vesselam beni çağırdı. Başımı onun omuzuna dayadım. Bu vaziyette onların harp oyununa bakmaya başladık. Ta onlara bakmaktan ilk vaz geçen ben oluncaya kadar."(10)
Ancak bayramdaki sevincin gaflete dönüşecek kadar taşkınlığa varmaması lazımdır. Eğlence meşru dairede olmalı ve günah unsurlarını taşımamalıdır. Esasen bayram Allah'ın bize verdiği İlahi bir ziyafettir. Bu bakımdan, bayram gününde en çok Allah'ı hatırlayıp şükretmeye ihtiyacımız vardır. Zaman şeridi içinde bayram yeni bir değişimin başı, bir dönüm noktası ve bir muhasebe vaktidir. Ömürden bir yılın daha geçip gittiğini, kabir alemine doğru bir adım daha yaklaşıldığını hatırlatan vesilelerden biridir.
"Bunun içindir ki, bayramlarda gaflet istila edip gayr-i meşru daireye sapmamak için, rivayetlerde zikrullaha (Allah'ı zikretmeye) ve şükre azim tergibat (büyük teşvikler) vardır. Ta ki, bayramlarda o sevinç ve sürür nimetlerini şükre çevirip, o nimeti idame ve ziyadeleştirsin. Çünkü şükür nimeti ziyadeleştirir, gafleti kaçırır." (11)
Nitekim büyük cemaatler halinde kılınan bayram namaz ları esnasında getirilen tekbirler, gafletin giderilmesine ve şükür vazifesinin yerine getirilmesine en büyük bir vesiledir. Sadece bir ülke halkının değil, yeryüzünde sayısı milyarlara varan Müslümanların hep beraber aynı anda tekbir getirdiklerini hayal ettiğimizde, karşımıza çıkan muhteşem tablo, bayramlarımızı kâinat çapında bir manaya kavuşturur. O anda adeta yeryüzü tek bir ağız olur, tekbir getirip namaz kılar gibi bir hale bürünür. Misâl âleminde birleşen o seslerin bir anda yeryüzünden yükselişi, adeta muhteşem bir koro halinde dünyamızın göklere doğru tevhidi haykırmasıdır.
KURBAN BAYRAMINDA HANGİ İBADETLER YAPILIR?
Kurban, kelime olarak yakın olmak, yakınlaşmak demektir. Allah'a yaklaşmak ve o'nun rızasını kazanmak amacıyla belli zamanda belli nitelikteki hayvanı(kurban) kesmektir.Kurban ibadeti, nefse muhalefet ederek sadece Cenâb-ı Hakk'ın rızasını kazanmak için yapılan ibadettir. Bu bayrama adını veren Kurban; Hz. İbrahim ve Hz. İsmail örneğinde olduğu gibi ilâhî emirlere kayıtsız teslimiyet göstergesi, hak yolunda fedakârlığın bir nişanesi, Allah'ın bize lütfettiklerinden onun hoşnutluğu için verebilmenin hâl ile ifadesidir.
Kurban, sahip olduklarımızı fakir ve ihtiyaç sahipleriyle paylaşmanın tadına varma fırsatı, katılaşan kalplere, hayatın ve varoluşun gerçek anlamını unutan zihinlere öze dönüş çağrısı içeren bir hikmetler bütünüdür.
Kurban, Allah'a, yüce ve ilâhî olan her şeye yakın olma arayışıdır. Nitekim Cenab-ı Hak, şöyle buyurur:
"Allah'a kurbanlarınızın ne etleri ulaşır, ne de kanları. Ona ulaşan takvanızdır..." (Hac, 37)
Kurban bayramında kabirleri (ölmüşleri) ziyaret etmek, onlara Yasin ve mülk sureleri gibi Kuran okumak, onlara hediyeler göndermek çok faziletli ibadetlerdir. Yine bu mübarek bayram günlerinde istiğfar, salavat, kelime-i tevhit okuyarak hususi hatimler yapmakta faziletli ibadetlerdendir. Ayrıca bin ihlası şerif okuyarak ihlas hatmi yapmak tavsiye edilen ibadetlerdendir. Ramazan bayramı süresince en çok İhlas Suresi'nin okunması gerektiği belirtiliyor.
Kurban Bayramı kadar Kurban Bayramı Arefesinin de İslam Alemi için önemi büyüktür. Bu mübarek günü en uygun bir şekilde geçirmek için vatandaşlar Kurban Bayramı Arefesinde neler yapılabileceği yönünde araştırmalar yapıyorlar. Öncelikle Arefe gününün sabah namazının farzından sonra teşrik tekbirleri getirilmeye başlanmalıdır. Ardından Arefe günü oruç tutulmalı, Arefe gününe hürmet edilmeli, günaha girmemeye dikkat edilmeli, çok dua ve istiğfar edilmeli ve 1000 âdet İhlas-ı şerif okunmalıdır.
PEYGAMBERİMİZ NASIL NAMAZ KILARDI?
Şüphesiz ki bu ve benzeri âyetlerde Hz. Peygamber'in şahsında bütün Müslümanlara yönelik bir kısım emir ve tavsiyeler bulunmaktadır. Nitekim diğer pek çok âyet-i kerîmede de namaz, bütün müminleri kapsayacak tarzda bazan tek olarak, çoğu yerde de zekâtla birlikte emredilmiştir (bk. elBakara 2/110, 183-184; en-Nisâ 4/77; et-Tevbe 9/71; en-Nûr 24/56).