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6 Eylül KPSS 2020 lisans sınavı soru ve cevap ları adayların gündeminde yer alıyor. Sosyal medyadan sorular adaylar tarafından paylaşılmaya devam ediyor. Laboratuvarda bazı kültürler üzerinde yaptığı çalışmalar neticesinde 13 Şubat 1929 yılında Dr. Alexander Fleming , penisilini bulduğunu açıklamıştır. Özellikle sinüs iltihabına penisinin ile iyileştirerek bunu kanıtlayan doktor, açıklamasını tıbbi araştırmalar kulübü nezdinde uzman doktorların karşısında gerçekleştirmişti.
PENİSİLİNİN MUCİDİ KİMDİR? KPSS lisans sınavında sorulan 'Penisilinin mucidi kimdir ?' sorusunun cevabı Alexander Fleming 'dir.
Laboratuvarda bazı kültürler üzerinde yaptığı çalışmalar neticesinde 13 Şubat 1929 yılında Dr. Alexander Fleming, penisilini bulduğunu açıklamıştır. Özellikle sinüs iltihabına penisinin ile iyileştirerek bunu kanıtlayan doktor, açıklamasını tıbbi araştırmalar kulübü nezdinde uzman doktorların karşısında gerçekleştirmişti.
Penisilinin ilk klinik uygulaması St. Mary's Hastanesi'nde, 9 Ocak 1929 günü yapıldı. Fleming, asistanlarından Stuart Craddock'un sinüs iltihabını penisilinle iyileştirdi ve "steplokok" türü mikropları yok ederek tedavide başarı sağladı. İlacın çok daha etkin bir kullanımı, 1931 yılında Sheffield'da gerçekleştirildi. Dr. C.G. Paine iki çocuk hastada doğuştan gelen "gonokokal oftalmitis" denilen görme bozukluğu ile, bir erişkin hastada "pnomokokal enfeksiyon" sonucu oluşan göz hastalığını penisilinle iyileştirdi. Erişkin hastanın sağ gözüne düşme sonucu bir taş parçası çarpmış ve küçük bir taş parçası gözbebeğinin arkasına girerek hasara neden olmuştu. Enfeksiyon, penisilinle temizlendi ve göz, taşı çıkartmak için ameliyat edilebilir hale geldi. Hasta, kısa zamanda yeniden normal görme yeteneğine kavuştu.
Bu ilk başarılı penisilin tedavileri, yerel girişimler olarak kaldı ve penisilinin önemli bir "kemoterapi" unsuru olarak kabul edilmesi çok zaman aldı.
Arıtılmış ilk penisilin Sir William Dunn Patoloji Okulu'nda, 1940 yazında, Profesör Howard Florey ve Yahudi asıllı Alman Profesör Ernest Chain tarafından elde edildi. Prof. Florey, ortak çalışmalarının sonucunu, "Kemoterapik tedavi aracı olarak penisilin" başlıklı bir makalesiyle dünyaya duyurdu. Bu makale, 24 Ağustos 1940 günü, Lancet'te yayınlandı.
Arıtılmış ilk penisilinin ilk tedavide kullanılması 12 Şubat 1941 günü, Oxford'da Radcliffe Hastanesi'nde gerçekleşti. Bir polis memuru olan hasta, ağız kenarındaki yara sonucu, kan zehirlenmesine yakalanmıştı. 24 saat içinde hastaya 800 miligram penisilin verildi ve durumunda büyük bir düzelme gözlendi. Ancak 5 gün içinde, Profesör Florey'in ekibi, o dönemde, dünyada bulunan tüm arıtılmış penisilini tüketti ve hasta 15 Mart günü öldü. Kesin bir başarıyla sonuçlanan ilk penisilin tedavisi, yine Redcliffe Hastanesi'nde, 3 Mayıs 1941 günü başlatıldı. Büyük bir şirpençe çıban yarasıyla hastaneye getirilen hastaya, damardan penisilin verildi.
4 gün sonra, yaranın iyileşmeye yüz tuttuğu görüldü. 15 Mayıs günü, hasta, sağlığına tamamen kavuşmuş olarak hastaneden taburcu edildi. Geniş ölçüde penisilin üretmek üzere ilk tesis de Oxford'daki Sir William Dunn Patoloji Okulu'nda, 1941 yılının yazında, Prof. Chain'in yönetiminde faaliyete geçti. Penisilini de ürettiği ilaçlar arasına alan ilk eczacılık kuruluşu ise, Bromyey'deki Kemball and Bishop Co. şirketi oldu. Şirket, ürettiği 10 galonluk ilk 20 bidon penisilini, ücretsiz olarak 11 Eylül 1942 günü Patoloji Okulu'na armağan etti. Sir Alexander Fleming , Sir Howard Florey ve Dr. E.B. Chain, penisilinle ilgili çalışmalarından ötürü, 1945 yılının ekim ayında Nobel Ödülü'nü ortaklaşa paylaştılar.
KPSS PUAN HESAPLAMA NASIL YAPILIR?
ÖSYM'nin yayınladığı kılavuzda yer alan bilgiye göre, puan hesaplama işlemleri şu şekilde yapılacak:
Sınavda yer alan her test kendi içinde değerlendirilecektir. Her testte, örneğin Genel Yetenekte, doğru cevap sayısından yanlış cevap sayısının dörtte biri çıkarılarak ham puanlar bulunacak, bu puanların ortalama ve standart sapmaları kullanılarak standart puanlar hesaplanacaktır.
MEB tarafından, ÖABT kapsamında sınav yapılmayan yabancı dillerdeki alanlarda (Almanca, Arapça, Çince, Fransızca, İspanyolca, İtalyanca, Japonca, Rusça) öğretmen atamalarında, ÖSYM tarafından yapılan Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı (YDS) sonuçlarından oluşturulan KPSS P120 puan türünü kullanacaktır. Bu puanın hesaplanmasında ilgili yılda alınan YDS/1 (İlkbahar Dönemi)/e-YDS sonuçları kullanılacaktır.
KPSSP120 puanı hesaplanırken kullanılacak yabancı dil standart puanının hesaplanmasında ,adayların ilgili yılın YDS/1 (İlkbahar Dönemi) / e-YDS sonucu kullanılacaktır. KPSSP120 puanı hesaplanacak adayların, YDS puanlarının ortalama ve standart sapma değerleri, her yabancı dil için ayrı ayrı hesaplanacak, bu değerler kullanılarak adayların yabancı dil standart puanları hesaplanacaktır.
Bir testte, en az 1 ham puanı (net) bulunmayan adaylar bu test için yapılacak hesaplamalara alınmayacaklar ve bu adaylara bu test için standart puan hesaplanmayacaktır. YDS'de en az 1 ham puanı bulunmayan adayların yabancı dil standart puanı hesaplanmayacaktır.
Sınavdan sonra ÖSYM Başkanlığı veya yargı mercileri tarafından iptaline karar verilen sorular değerlendirme dışı bırakılarak geçerli soruların puan değerinin yeniden saptanması suretiyle puanlama yapılacaktır.
Tablo-1'deki testlerden elde edilen standart puanlar ağırlıklandırılarak hesaplanacak olan KPSS puan türleri Tablo-2'de gösterilmiştir. Kamu kurum ve kuruluşları bu puan türleri arasından seçecekleri KPSS puanlarını kullanacaklardır.
Tablo-2'de gösterilen ağırlıklara göre, testlerden ve YDS puanlarından elde edilen standart puanlar kullanılarak ağırlıklı standart puanlar (ASP) hesaplanacaktır. Bir aday için herhangi bir ASP'nin hesaplanabilmesi için bu adayın söz konusu ASP'nin hesaplanmasında kullanılan standart puanların tümünün olması gerekir.
Adayların ASP'leri kullanılarak KPSS puanları hesaplanacaktır. KPSS puanlarının hesaplanmasında aşağıdaki formül kullanılacaktır. Böylece her KPSS puan türü için 100 üzerinden KPSS puan dağılımı elde edilmiş olacaktır. Kamu kurum ve kuruluşları, adayları, A Grubu Kadrolar için giriş sınavlarına KPSS puanlarına göre çağıracaklar, giriş sınavı yapmayacak olan kamu kurum ve kuruluşları atamalarda doğrudan KPSS puanlarını kullanacaklardır.
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