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Yunanistan , Türkiye 'nin Doğu Akdeniz 'de defalarca yinelediği diyalog çağrılarına rağmen müzakere masasına oturmamak için ön koşullar dayatmaya çalışıyor. Fransa gibi bölge dışı aktörlerin Türkiye'ye karşı kışkırttığı Atina yönetimi, krizin çözümü için Ankara ile doğrudan diyalog kurmak yerine gerilimi daha da körükleyecek adımlar atmakta ısrar ediyor.
5 soruda Doğu Akdeniz'de yaşanan gerginliğin kökenini, Yunanistan'ın neden Türkiye ile diyaloğa yanaşmadığını, Fransa'nın bölgede tansiyonu artıran tutumunun arkasında neler olduğunu ve uluslararası aktörlerin krize bakışını derlendi.
1 - DOĞU AKDENİZ'DEKİ GERGİNLİK NASIL ALEVLENDİ? Doğu Akdeniz 'de gerginliğin fitili ilk kez, Kıbrıs Rum kesiminin adanın etrafındaki doğal zenginlikleri işletmek için kuzeydeki Türk tarafının hukuki ve meşru haklarını hiçe sayarak uluslararası anlaşmalar yapmasıyla ateşlendi.
Batılı şirketler, hükümetlerinin de desteğini alarak Rumlarla geniş bir alanda doğal gaz araştırma ve sondajlarına girişti.
Türkiye ve Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nin (KKTC ) adanın çevresindeki zenginliklerin Kıbrıs sorununa adil ve kalıcı bir çözüm getirilmesiyle tüm halkın faydasına sunulması gerektiği yönündeki uyarılarına konunun muhataplarınca yıllar boyu kulak tıkandı.
Doğu Akdeniz'de büyük hidrokarbon sahalarının varlığı keşfedildikçe bu zenginlikleri işletmek isteyen bölge ülkeleri, Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge (MEB ) anlaşmaları yapmaya yöneldi.
2003'te Mısır , 2007'de Lübnan, 2010'da İsrail ile sözde MEB anlaşmaları imzalayan Kıbrıs Rum yönetimine karşı Türkiye ve KKTC'nin uyarıları sürdü.
Rum yönetimi, Batılı şirketlerle Türkiye ve KKTC'nin hak sahibi olduğu alanlarla çakışan şekilde hidrokarbon alanında çalışmalarına devam etti.
Mısır, Yunanistan , Rum yönetimi ve İsrail, Kahire'de oluşturdukları Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu üzerinden Türkiye, Libya ve Lübnan gibi aktörleri saf dışı bırakmaya çalıştı.
KKTC ve Türkiye, iyi niyetli bir açılım yaparak Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) aracılığıyla Rum tarafına hidrokarbon kaynakları konusunda ortak bir komite kurulması önerisi sundu. Böylece adada adil ve kalıcı bir çözüm bulunana kadar kaynakların karşılıklı uzlaşma çerçevesinde sorunsuz şekilde işletilmesi adına yeni bir formül bulunab ilecekti.
Ancak Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) desteğini arkasında gören Rum yönetimi iş birliğine açık olmadığını gözler önüne serdi.
2 - SEVİLLA HARİTASINI ÖNE SÜREREK TÜRKİYE'YE KARŞI NE YAPILMAK İSTENİYOR? Sevilla haritası, Rum-Yunan ikilisinin Türkiye 'yi Akdeniz kıyılarına hapsederek izole etme hayallerinin temel araçlarından biri olarak kullanılıyor.
İspanya'nın Sevilla Üniversitesi beşeri denizcilik coğrafyası alanında uzman Prof. Juan Luis Suarez de Vivero tarafından hazırlandığı için üniversitenin adıyla anılan bu harita, Yunanistan 'ın Ege ve Akdeniz'de kıta sahanlığı olarak hak iddia ettiği alan ile Kıbrıs Rum yönetiminin 2004 yılında ilan ettiği MEB 'in sınırlarının AB 'nin resmi sınırları olduğunu öne sürüyor.
Bu haritanın iddiasına göre, Meis Adası'ndan başlayan Yunan kıta sahanlığı güneye doğru Akdeniz'in ortasına kadar iniyor ve Türkiye'ye Antalya körfezi dışında bir çıkış fırsatı tanımıyor.
Türkiye, yüz ölçümü 10 kilometrekare olan, Anadolu'ya 2 kilometre, Yunan ana karasına ise 580 kilometre uzaklıkta olan bir adanın 40 bin kilometrekare genişliğinde kıta sahanlığı alanı yaratmasının rasyonel ve uluslararası hukuka uygun bir tez olmadığını vurgulayarak bu iddiaları reddediyor.
3 - YUNANİSTAN, NEDEN TÜRKİYE'NİN DİYALOG ÇAĞRILARINA KULAK TIKIYOR? Yunanistan 'ın, ada parçalarını "ana kara" gibi varsayarak uzaklık ilkesine göre yaptığı açıklamaların uluslararası hukukta karşılığı bulunmuyor.
Uluslararası hukukta kıta sahanlığı ve MEB sınırlandırmasında uzaklık ilkesi bir kural olarak zikredilmiyor.
Gerek uluslararası hukuk gerek BM Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi'ndeki temel kural "hakça paylaşım" ilkesi.
Bu ilkeye göre, adalara ana karalara kıyasla daha az kıta sahanlığı veya MEB alanı verilebiliyor. Hatta adalar tamamen çevrelenebiliyor.
Bu noktada adaların büyüklüğü, cephe uzunlukları, konumu, ana karalardan ne kadar uzak oldukları gibi birçok faktör dikkate alınıyor.
Bu bağlamda haksızlığının farkında olan Atina, Türkiye ile müzakere masasına oturmaya çekiniyor, diyalog kurulması için Türkiye'nin Doğu Akdeniz 'deki sismik araştırma ve sondaj faaliyetlerini sonlandırması şartını koşuyor.
Yunanistan, Türkiye ile aralarındaki konunun "sadece kıta sahanlığının belirlenmesi sorunu" olduğunu ileri sürerek hukuk temelinde ve hakça yapılacak bir müzakerenin önünü tıkamak için bölgede tansiyonu artıracak tahriklerini sürdürüyor.
Türkiye, diyaloğa hazır olduğunu belirterek, iyi niyet gösterisi olarak sismik araştırma yapan Oruç Reis gemisini geçici süreli olarak geri çekmişti.
Gözler AB Dönem Başkanı Almanya'nın davetiyle gerçekleşecek Türkiye-Yunanistan görüşmelerine çevrilmişken, Yunanistan sürpriz şekilde görüşmelerden bir gün önce Mısır ile deniz yetki sınırlandırması anlaşması imzalamış ve gerilim yeniden tavan yapmıştı.
Yunanistan bu adımının üstüne Fransa ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri (BAE) ile Girit Adası'nın güneyinde yaptığı ortak askeri tatbikatlarla tansiyonu daha da yükseltmişti.
Bu süreçte Türkiye, iyi komşuluk ilişkilerinin gereği olarak Yunanistan'ı defalarca masaya davet etmiş ancak Atina yönetimi her defasında bu çağrıları görmezden gelmişti.
4 - FRANSA, DOĞU AKDENİZ'DE YUNANİSTAN'I KIŞKIRTARAK NEYİ HEDEFLİYOR? Bölge dışı bir aktör olan Fransa , Almanya'nın ara buluculuk çab alarını çiğneyerek bu kriz üzerinden Doğu Akdeniz 'de "rol kapma" girişimleriyle dikkati çekiyor.
Bu bölgeyi "kırmızı çizgi" olarak niteleyen Fransa Cumhurbaşkanı Emmanuel Macron, gerek Yunanistan ile giriştiği yoğun ortak askeri tatbikat trafiği gerekse Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 'ın şahsında Türkiye 'yi hedef alan açıklamalarıyla adeta yangına körükle gidiyor.
Atina'yı kışkırtarak Yunanistan'ı askeri harcamalarını artırması yönünde "yüreklendiren" Macron, bu ülkeye 18 Rafale tipi savaş uçağı satışıyla "krizi fırsata çeviren" tutumunun ilk meyvesini almaya hazırlanıyor.
5 - DİĞER ULUSLARARASI AKTÖRLER HANGİ POZİSYONDA DURUYOR? Yunanistan 'ın bölgedeki hukuk dışı pozisyonuna karşı AB ülkelerinin ortak bir politika belirleyemedikleri görülüyor.
Avrupa ülkeleri, "AB dayanışması" adı altında Yunanistan ve Kıbrıs Rum yönetimine "destek" mesajları verse de çok sayıda ülke, söz konusu krizde ikili sorunların diyalogla çözülmesi gerektiği vurgusunu yapıyor.
Yunanistan ve Kıbrıs Rum yönetiminin AB nezdinde ısrarla dile getirdiği yaptırım seçeneğine soğuk bakan ülkelerin başında İtalya ve İspanya geliyor.
İki NATO üyesi ülke olan Türkiye ve Yunanistan arasında "eşit mesafe" siyaseti gözeten ABD, son dönemde bölgedeki rolünü Fransa 'ya kaptırmış görünüyor.
ABD Başkanı Donald Trump yönetimi, sıkça "diplomasi" çağrıları yapıyor ancak iç siyasetteki konular nedeniyle krize ağırlığını koymaktan uzak bir görünüm sergiliyor.
Washington yönetiminin krizdeki tutumuna dair en somut işaret olarak Kıbrıs Rum yönetimine yıllardır uyguladığı silah ambargosunu bu dönemde kısmi olarak kaldırma kararı alması oldu.
Gerilimin düşürülmesinde en işlevsel platformlardan biri olması gereken NATO da oluşuma liderlik eden ABD'nin sessizliği nedeniyle çözüm adına yetersiz bir konumda bulunuyor.
Diğer yandan Atina yönetiminin, NATO nezdinde Türkiye ile ortak çözüme yanaşmayıp çözümü AB nezdinde Türkiye'ye karşı uygulanacak yaptırımlarda araması da ittifak bünyesindeki çözüm ihtimalini zora sokan unsurlar arasında yer alıyor.