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İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi 'nin yol ve otoban kenarlarındaki duvar bitkilendirme uygulamasına son vermesi ve söz konusu duvarlara boyama yapması tartışmalara neden oldu. Kamuoyunu da ikiye bölen bu uygulama için kimi boyamaları yerinde bulurken kimi de bitkilendirmenin şehir için daha iyi olduğunu savundu. Peki bu uygulamalar dünyada nasıl yapılıyor? Hangisi daha doğru bir karar? Her ikisinin de olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri neler? Tüm bunları Orman Mühendisi Aytül Temiz Akşam'a anlattı.
Temiz, İBB 'nin duvar bitkileri yerine boyama yapması hakkında şunları söylüyor: "Peyzaj tasarımlarında dikey bahçe uygulamaları düzenli bakım gerektirmektedir. Bakım giderleri ve ek su tüketimine tasarruf sağlamak amacıyla İBB'nin böyle bir kararı oldu. Duvar bitkileri yerine boyama yapmak ekonomik ve ekolojik olarak daha faydalı bulundu. Bu nedenle maliyeti ve su tüketimini azaltmakla birlikte daha sürdürülebilir duvarlar oluşturmayı amaçlıyorlar. Bu projenin İstanbul'un enerjisini vurgulayan soyutlamalardan oluştuğunu; doğa, birlik, ev, barış, gençlik gibi kavramları aşılamak amacıyla doğadan kopup gelen renkler kullanıldığını söylüyorlar. Ekonomik yükü hafifletmesi açısından tabi ki mantıklı ama estetik fonksiyonu açısından zevke göre değişiklik gösteren sorgulanabilir bir karar.
Duvarlara yapılan bitki düzenlemeleri sizce nasıl bir uygulamaydı?
Beton duvarlar yerine bitki görmek şehrimizi güzelleştirmek adına atılmış olumlu bir adımdı. Özellikle trafik yoğunluğunu göz önünde bulundurunca bu uygulamaların İstanbul lunun ruh sağlığı üzerindeki olumlu etkileri yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Ancak bakım maliyetleri ve İstanbul'un az yağışlarda karşılaştığı su sorununu düşününce ekonomik ve ekolojik olarak eleştirilen uygulamalardı. Dikey bahçelerde yol kenarlarında kullanılan bitkiler dış mekânda ses izolasyonu sağlamıyor. Hava kalitesi olarak bakıldığında etkisi yok denecek kadar az. Bu uygulamada bitkilerin toprağı az olduğu için sürekli değiştirilmesi gerekiyor. Ben şahsım adına dikey bahçelerden ziyade yol kenarlarındaki çimler yerine bakım gerektirmeyen yer örtücü türlerin tercih edilmesi gerektiğini, asıl önemli konunun bu olduğunu daha çok bakım maliyeti ve su kullanımına sebebiyet verdiğini ama hiç kimse tarafından bugüne kadar konuşulmadığını bilgi olarak sizinle paylaşmak istiyorum.
Dikey bahçelerin masraflı olduğu görüşüne katılıyor musunuz?
Karayollarının kenarındaki dikey bahçe olarak adlandırılan bütün bu yeşil duvarların İstanbul 'a yıllık 12 milyon liralık bir bakım masrafı olduğunu söylüyorlar. Bu 12 milyon liranın 4 milyonu bitki maliyetleri, 8 milyonu ise ilaçlama ve gübre maliyetinden oluşuyor. Yapılan hesaplamalarda, 45 bin metrekare dikey bahçe yerine aynı parayla 400 bin metrekare aktif yeşil alan yapılabileceği ortaya çıktı. Yapılan bu harcama bence masraf değil ama doğru değerlendirilmeli. Yani yine peyzaj işleri için bu bütçeler ayrılmalı ama daha doğru kullanılmalı diye düşünüyorum.
AMAÇ YOL KENARINDAKİ HABİTATLAR İÇİN YAŞAM ALANI OLUŞTURMAK OLMALIDIR
Ülkemizde yol, otoban kenarı düzenlemesi nasıl yapılmalı?
Yol, otoban kenarı vb. alanlarda yer alan duvar düzenlemelerinin yapılmasındaki öncelikli amaç hem trafiğin stresini azaltmak ve görsel sağlamak hem de yol kenarındaki habitatlar için yaşam alanı oluşturmak olmalıdır. Ses izolasyonu ve hava temizliğine katkısı da düşünülmelidir.
Duvarlarda bitki kullanımının ömrü sizce nasıl uzatılabilir?
Dikey bahçelerde kullanılabilecek bitki türleri seçilirken tasarım amacına uygun türlere öncelik verilmelidir. Bitkisel tasarımın amacı ile dikey bahçenin kullanım amacı birbiri ile doğru orantılı olarak ilerlemelidir. Gürültüyü engellemek, hava kalitesini arttırmak, kötü görüntüyü perdelemek gibi farklı amaçlara uygun bitki türleri kullanılabilir. Duvarın bulunduğu bölgenin iklim özellikleri ve bitkilerin içinde bulunduğu yaşam ortamı koşulları gibi faktörler çok önemlidir. Bu tarz uygulamalar yaparken kullanılacak bitkileri seçerken bölgenin sıcaklık ve yağış oranları da mutlaka incelenmelidir. İstanbul için bu uygulamalarda, İstanbul ve yakın çevresine özgü çok dayanıklı, sürünücü, sarılıcı ve bodur çalılardan oluşan doğal bitki örtüsünün kullanılması iyi olurdu. Örneğin Menengiç, Kuşkonmaz, Kurtbağrı, Böğürtlen, Yabani asma, Sarmaşık, Bozkır papatyası, Portakal nergisi, Kuzu sarmaşığı, Turnagagası, Ebe gümeci...
HAVADAKİ KİRLETİCİLERİ FİLTRE EDİYOR
Çevre Mühendisi Prof. Dr. Mustafa Öztürk de dikey bahçe sistemlerinin sağladığı yararlara ilişkin şu bilgileri verdi: "Bu yapılar havadaki kirleticileri filtre ediyor. Aynı zamanda karbondioksit dediğimiz sera gazı salınımının azalmasına neden oluyor. Ayrıca, bulunduğu bölgenin iklimini pozitif etkiliyor. Mesela, 60 metrekarelik bir alandaki dikey bahçe uygulaması, bulunduğu ortamda yılda 40 ton hava kirleticisini filtre ediyor. Egzozlardan çıkan ağır metalleri önemli oranda filtre ediyor. Yani 60 metrekare bir alanda 15 kilogram ağır metali filtre edebiliyor. Ağır metaller de solunum yoluyla ciğerlere kadar ulaştığında kanser etkisi yapıyor. Öte yandan, 1 metrekare alanda 2,3 kilogram karbondioksiti yutuyor, yani emiyor. Yerine de yine 1 metrekarede 1,7 kilogram oksijen yani taze hava salımlıyor. Böylece bulunduğu yerde denge sağlanıyor." İNGİLTERE'DEN FRANSA'YA DÜNYADA NASIL YAPILIYOR?
Otoban kenarı duvar düzenlemeleri dünya genelinde nasıl yapılıyor?
İyi örnekler vermek gerekirse Londra'da Edgware Road Metro İstasyonu'nun yan duvarına Yaşayan Duvar inşa edildi. Devasa yeşil duvar, daha küçük yapraklara ve çeşitli dokulara sahip 15 farklı türden 14.000 bitkiyi barındırıyor. Havayı önemli ölçüde temizliyor. Diğer bir örnek Fransa'da bulunan Quai Branly Müzesi. Müzenin dış cephesine uygulanan dikey bahçe çalışması 800 m² büyüklükte ve uygulamada 150 adet farklı bitki türüne yer verildi. Toplamda 15.000 adet bitki türü kullanıldı. Bitkisel bir kayalık görünümünde olan dikey bahçe uygulamasıyla kentsel biyolojik çeşitliliğe katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştı ve fazlasıyla sağlıyor.
ŞEHİR PEYZAJI ŞEHRİN KİMLİĞİNE GÖRE ŞEKİLLENMEKTEDİR
Şehir peyzajında şehir kimliğinin önemi nedir?
Şehir kimliği o şehrin tüm fiziki ve beşeri özelliklerini yansıtmakta, insan ve çevre ilişkileri arasındaki etkileşimden etkilenerek, insan davranışları ve yapısal biçimlerin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Şehrin kültürü, geçmişi, mevcut durumu ve şehri tamamlayan bireyleri aslında şehir peyzajını şekillendiren en önemli etmenlerdir. Şehir peyzajı şehrin kimliğine göre şekillenmektedir. Bu yüzden birbirinden bağımsız düşünülemez diyebilirim.