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Marmara Denizi 'ni etkisi altına alan deniz salyası (müsilaj) yoğunluğu uzmanları tedirgin ediyor. Yüzeyde sarı-kahverengi renklerde görülen yapışkan kümelerin su altında yarattığı tahribat kameralara yansırken tahribatın merkezi Doğu Marmara 'ya İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Bilimleri Fakültesi bilimsel sefer düzenledi.
Dört körfez ve çok sayıda koya sahip olmasına rağmen deniz hareketleri çok zayıf olan hassas bölgeye gitmeden önce tüm verileri hassasiyetle tarayan bilim insanları, araştırma gemisi R/V Yunus S ile hareket etti. Dekan Prof. Dr. Melek İşinibilir Okyar'ın liderliğinde Prof. Dr. Saadet Karakulak ve Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Uğur Uzer 'in katıldığı bilimsel seferde 4 araştırma görevlisi ve doktora öğrencisi görev aldı.
Bilim gemisi R/V Yunus S, 1994'ten bu yana 30 deniz istasyonu arasında toplam 135 mil (250 km) yaptı. Marmara Denizi 'nin kaldıramayacağı kirliliğin oluşturduğu deniz salyasının en çok etkilediği ekosistemlerden Prens Adaları'yla başlayan bilim insanları ilk ölçümleri Burgazada arkasında gerçekleştirdi.
BALIKLAR TERK EDİYOR Bilim ekibi, gelişmiş teknomoji ürünü olan ve 2000 metreye kadar indirilebilen CTD ile 5 başlıkta (derinlik, çözünmüş oksijen, PH, sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve iletkenlik) veriler elde etti. Milliyet'te yer alan habere göre, Müsilaj felaketinden sonra en önemli verinin çözünmüş oksijen olduğunu söyleyen Prof. Dr. Melek İşinibilir Okyar, sonuçların normalin altında olduğunu söyledi. Prof. Dr. Okyar, tespit ettikleri tehlikeyi şöyle detaylandırdı:
"Çözünmüş oksijen canlı yaşamı için şart. Bizim nefes almaya deniz canlılarının da çözünmüş oksijene ihtiyacı var. Öncelikli hedefimiz çözünmüş oksijenin tespiti. Ne yazık ki normalin altında sonuçlar aldık. Litrede 2-3 miligram olması gereken çözünmüş oksijen daha ilk istasyonumuzun 35 metresinde sadece litrede 1 mg/L. 80 metrede ise bu oranın 0.8 mg/L'ye düşmesi denizde oksijenin bitmek üzere olduğunu gösterdi.
Körfezin girişi Eskihisar- Yelkenkaya'da ise oranın 0.7mg/L'ye düşmesi bizleri çok düşündürüyor. İnsan kaynaklı kirlilikle mücadele edilmezse karşılaşacağımız sonuçları düşünmek istemiyorum. Su altı hayatı çok azalmış, besin zincirinin vazgeçilmezi zooplankton (hayvansal plankton) tükenmiş.
Oksijenin azlığı ve besin miktarındaki düşme sebebiyle balıklar ortamı terk ediyor. Oksijenin azalmasıyla dipte canlı organizmalar ölebilir. Ölen bu canlıların bakteriyel aktivitelerle ayrışmasıyla kritik derecelerdeki çözünmüş oksijen oranı düşer. Bu olayın ilerlemesiyle hidrojen sülfür oluşabilir."
'TÜR ÇEŞİDİ AZ OLSA DA HÂLÂ HAYAT VAR' "Dalgıçlardan ve balıkçılardan sualtındaki yok oluş hakkında fikir edinmiştik" diyen Prof. Dr. Melek İşinibilir Okyar, canlıların ihtiyacı çözünmüş oksijenin bu kadar düşük olmasına rağmen bazı canlıların Marmara'da olduğunu gördüklerini söyledi. Okyar, "Yaptığımız trol ağında kırlangıç, berlam, istavrit gibi balıkları gördük. Yavru mahmuzlu köpekbalığı umutlarımızı arttırdı.
Deniz kirpisi(kestanesi) türünün çokluğu gözümüzden kaçmadı ama ağların gözlerini kaplayan çamur tabakası müsilaj en büyük gerçeklik. Tür çeşitliliğinin azlığı bizi düşündürdü ama birkaç canlı Marmara Denizi için çok geç olmadığını hatta önlemlerle ekosisteme şans verilmesi gerektiğini gösterdi bize. Hemen yeni bir atık yönetim sistemi geliştirmeli, Marmara Denizi'ni kirleticilerinden kurtarmalıyız. Marmara Denizi'ne kendini yenilemesi ve maviliklere kavuşması için yardım etmeliyiz. Çünkü bilim pes etmez ve bizler vazgeçmeyiz" dedi.
'İLERİ TEKNOLOJİ ATIK TESİSİ KURULMALI' Prof. Dr. Melek İşinibilir Okyar, 3 gün süren bilim seferinden elde edilecek sonuçların modeller üzerinde deneneceğini, geçmiş yıllarla karşılaştırılacağını ve alınan örneklerin laboratuvar ortamında incelenerek detaylı bir rapor halinde sunulacağını belirtti. Prof. Dr. Okyar ve Prof. Dr. Karakulak ilk veriler eşliğinde çözünmüş oksijeni yok eden müsilajla mücadele için tavsiyelerde bulundu:
"Evsel, tarımsal ve endüstriyel atıklar tespit edilmeli, derin deşarj kaldırılmalı. İleri teknoloji arıtma tesisleri kurulmalı. Susurluk Nehri gibi tarım alanlarından gelen akarsuların kimyasal atıkları yönünden takip edilmeli.
Kıyısal düzenleme yapılmalı, kıyı alanları doldurulmamalı. Biyoçeşitliliğin zengin olduğu alanlar sert zemine dönüşmemeli. İnşaat alanlarından çıkan hafriyatlar denize dökülmemeli. Her türlü gemicilik ve denizcilik (balast suları) denetlenmeli.
Yasağa rağmen yapılan trol avcılığı Marmara Denizi için konuşulmamalı bile. Sürdürülebilir ve geleneksel balıkçılık desteklenmeli. Her birey iklim değişikliği için karbon salınımını ve karbon ayak izini azaltmalı. Marmara Denizi üzerindeki insan yükünü azaltmak için çöpler denize atılmamalı. Plastik kirliliğiyle mücadele etkin uygulanmalı."
'ADRİYATİK'TE 7 ÜLKE BAŞARDI, BİZ DE BAŞARIRIZ' Gözlemlerini paylaşan Prof. Dr. Saadet Karakulak ise Adriyatik Denizi'nde yaşanan müsilaj kirliliğini örnek verdi:
"1800'lerden beri Adriyatik Denizi'nde müsilaj rapor edilir. Adriyatik Denizi'nin insan baskısının olduğu kıyısal alanlarda 1990'larda yoğun müsilaj görüldü. 7 ülkenin ortak hareket etmesiyle kontrol altına alındı. Marmara tüm sınırları tek ülkeye yani bize ait deniz. Yerel yönetimler, bakanlıklar ve üniversiteler ortak eyleme geçerek Marmara Denizi 'ni kurtaracak radikal kararlar almalı. Çözünmüş oksijenin tür çeşitliliğini nasıl etkilediğini gördük. Körfez girişinden itibaren aralıkla yüzeyde kendisini gösteren müsilaj dibe çökerek canlı yaşamını tehdit ederek biyoçeşitliliği yok ediyor."
Sanayi şehri Kocaeli'nin ardından yolumuzu Marmara Denizi 'ne kıyısı olan ve tatil beldeleri ile bilinen Yalova'ya çevirdik. Yalova'da Altınova ilçesinin en güzel plajlarından Hersek'te müsilaj, rüzgârın etkisiyle denizin açıklarına kadar ilerledi. Müsilajın şu anda Yalova'da beyaz tabakayla bulunduğu tek yer Altınova Tersaneleri ile Topçular İskelesi arasındaki bölge.
RÜZGÂRLA DAĞILDI AMA... Yalova merkezde ise müsilaj, deniz üzerinde küçük parçalara ayrılmış. Bir hafta önce boş olan parklar, sıcak havanın da etkisiyle ağzına kadar doldu. Çocuklarıyla sahile gelen vatandaşlardan Elif Yılmaz, iki hafta önce parkın boş olduğunu söyleyerek, "Hemen yandaki limanı ve sahili müsilaj kaplamıştı. Müsilaj rüzgârla dağılınca çocuklarımızla dışarı çıktık" dedi.
Yalova Merkez'den sonra yolumuzu kış aylarında 13 bin, yaz aylarında ise nüfusu 250 binin üzerine çıkan Çınarcık'a çevirdik. Yaklaşık bir hafta önce Çınarcık sahili baştan başa müsilajla kaplıydı. Ancak şu an müsilajın denizin altına inmesi ve rüzgârlarla denizin açıklarına ilerlemesiyle insanlar denize rahatça giriyor.
Sahilde yer yer müsilaj kalıntıları kalan Çınarcık'ta en büyük mağduriyeti yine çevredeki esnaf çekiyor. Kime sorsak hem pandemi hem de müsilajdan dert yanıyor. Sahilde kafe işleten Mehmet Bayram, "Durumumuz şu anda iyi. İki hafta önce sahile insanlar oturmaya bile gelmiyordu. Salya gelince insanlar sahilden uzaklaştı, salya gidince tekrar döndü" diye konuştu.
Bölgedeki emlakçılar, müsilajın tekrar gelmesi halinde plajların ve kiraladıkları yazlıkların boş kalacağından endişeli. Konuştuğumuz ve adını vermek istemeyen bir emlakçı, "Müsilajın haberlere konu olmasının ardından iki hafta boyunca pek rağbet olmadı.
Şu an müsilaj fazla yok. O salya bir geldi mi 2-3 hafta sahilden çıkmayacak. Var olan rezervasyonlar da iptal edilecek" diye dert yandı. Bir başka emlakçı ise, "Müsilajın böyle tatil kentlerine zarar vereceği kaçınılmaz. Arayanlardan bazıları orada müsilaj var mı? diye soruyor" dedi.
EMLAKÇILAR DA ENDİŞELİ Yalova Emlak Komisyoncuları Derneği Başkanı Hayrettin Yılmaz, sahile salyalar yığılınca emlakçıların kendisini aradığını belirterek, şunları söyledi: "Piyasada bir hareketlenme var. Ama eğer bu müsilaj devam ederse tamamıyla sıkıntıya düşeriz. Tatil bölgelerinde bu salyaların devam etmesi durumunda kimse emlak kiralamaz. Sahile salya vurdu mu emlakçı arkadaşlar arıyor. Pandemi nedeniyle zaten turizm kaybetti, müsilajla birlikte daha da kötü olacağa benziyor. Buna önlem olmazsa genel olarak Marmara biter. Buna Yalova ve tatil beldeleri de dahil."
'TURİZM SEZONU 45 GÜN SÜRÜYOR' Çınarcık'tan sonra yolumuzu Yalova'nın denize kıyıları olan tatil beldeleri Esenköy ve Armutlu'ya çevirdik. Bu iki ilçe de haftalar önce müsilajla başı dertte olan Yalova'nın iki ilçesiydi. Şu an sadece ilçenin sahil kesiminde yer yer müsilaja rastlanırken, sahilleri beyaza büründüren salya açık denizlere geçti.
Sadece tatil dönemlerinde esnafın iş yapabildiği Armutlu'da müsilajın hortlaması ile işlerinin etkileneceğini belirten işletmeci Ali Yıldırım, "Burada turizm 45 gün sürüyor. Bir-iki hafta önce müsilajdan sahil görünmüyordu. Bu sene turizm bitti derken, daha yeni deniz toparlanmaya başladı. Müsilaj böyle devam ederse turizm esnafı çok büyük sıkıntı çeker" dedi.
TEK HÜCRELİ CANLILAR DA MÜSİLAJA NEDEN OLUYOR! Öte yandan deniz salyasına evsel ve kanalizasyon atıklarının yanı sıra bu tek hücreli canlının neden olduğu da belirtiliyor.