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Büyük Marmara Depremi ile ilgili son dönemlerde uzman isimlerden korkutan açıklamalar geliyor. Bugün İstanbul'da hissedilen bir deprem meydana geldi. Bu gelişmeler üzerine akıllara Büyük İstanbul depremi ne zaman ? Büyük Marmara depremi ne zaman olacak? Sorusu geldi. İşte uzmanların açıklamaları...
İstanbul'da hissedilen bir deprem meydana geldi.
AFAD'dan yapılan açıklama şu şekilde:
"Büyüklük : 4.4 (Mw) Yer : Karadeniz, 89.23 km. Eregli (Zonguldak) Tarih-Saat : 11.04.2022, 20:38:44 TSİ Enlem : 42.0920 N Boylam : 31.0760 E Derinlik : 37.72 km"
BÜYÜK İSTANBUL DEPREMİ NE ZAMAN?
Depremler Marmara'nın yakasını bırakmıyor! 'Büyük depremin önümüzdeki 25 yılda olma olasılığı...'
AFAD'ın en son paylaştığı verilere göre 2021'de 23 bin 753 deprem meydana geldi. 2022'de de sarsıntılar devam ediyor. Özellikle Marmara'da geçen ay önce Yalova sonra da Tekirdağ'da deprem oldu. Her iki depremin büyüklüğü orta şiddette olsa da konumları itibariyle akla hemen beklenen büyük Marmara depremini getirdi. Peki İstanbul'u da etkileyecek büyük deprem için süre kısaldı mı? Hangi ilçeler tehlike altında? Uzmanlarla konuştuk...
Türkiye, karmaşık jeolojik yapısı ve jeodinamik konumundan dolayı çok sayıda aktif fayı barındırıyor. Hatta dünyanın önemli Deprem kuşaklarından biri olan 'Alp-Himalaya Deprem Kuşağı' üzerinde yer alıyor.
Bu da ülkemizi deprem açısından riski yüksek ülkeler sınıfına sokuyor. Buna paralel olarak son 10 yıla bakıldığında da ülkemiz ve yakın çevresinde çözümlenen deprem sayısı 279 bin 357.
AFAD verilerine göre geçtiğimiz yıl, 6'dan büyük 3 deprem oldu. Ayrıca büyüklüğü 5 ve üstü altı, büyüklüğü 4 ve üstü 205, büyüklüğü 3 ve üstü ise 973 adet deprem yaşandı. Büyüklüğü 3 ve altının da izlendiği çalışmada, 2021'de toplam kayıtlara geçen deprem sayısı 23 bin 753 olarak açıklandı.
2022 DE DEPREMLERLE BAŞLADI
Hürriyet'in haberine göre, yeni yılın henüz çok başında olmamıza rağmen depremler şimdiden de kendini göstermeye başladı. Şubat ayının başında Yalova'nın Armutlu ilçesinde büyüklüğü 3.9 olan bir deprem meydana geldi. Derinliği 7.04 kilometre olarak açıklanan deprem, Yalova'nın yanı sıra İstanbul, Bursa ve çevre illerden de hissedildi. Bu sarsıntıdan bir hafta sonra da bu sefer, Tekirdağ'ın Şarköy ilçesi açıklarında 4,1 büyüklüğünde deprem kaydedildi. Can ve mal kaybı yaşanmasa da sarsıntı insanları oldukça tedirgin etti ve akıllara 'Büyük Marmara Depremi için bir işaret mi?' sorusunu getirdi.
Peki Marmara'da yaşanan bu depremler uyarıcı nitelikte mi? Büyük Marmara depreminin önümüzdeki yıllarda olma olasılığı yüzde kaç?
Jeofizik Mühendisi Prof. Dr. Haluk Eyidoğan ile hem Marmara'da meydana gelen son depremleri hem de olası büyük Marmara depremi ile ilgili detaylıca konuştuk.
'HAFİF VE ORTA KUVVETTE OLAN SARSINTILAR, NERELERDE TEHLİKE YARATACAK DEPREMLER OLACAĞINI GÖSTERİRLER'
Prof. Dr. Haluk Eyidoğan Marmara'da meydana gelen son depremler için "Marmara'da olan her hafif veya orta kuvvette deprem, bu bölgede daha büyük deprem yaratacak fayların var olduğunu hatırlatır. Hafif ve orta kuvvette olan 3 ile 5 arası büyüklükte depremler bize nerelerde tehlike yaratacak depremler olabileceğini de gösteren kanıtlardır" dedi ve son zamanlarda Marmara'da yaşanan depremleri şu şekilde detaylandırdı:
- Yer fiziği özelliği nedeniyle küçük depremler daha çok, büyük depremler daha az olur. Türkiye ve yakın çevresinde her yıl büyüklüğü 4 ile 5 arasında 70 veya 80 civarında deprem meydana geliyor. Bunların çoğu aktif faylar üzerinde ve yakınlarında ortaya çıkar.
- Türkiye'de 553 tane tespit edilmiş aktif fay hattı var ve bunların ne kadar büyük deprem yaratabileceği bellidir. Ancak 6 ve daha büyük depremlerin hangi fay üzerinde ne zaman ve ne büyüklükte olacağını önceden bilme olanağımız ve ölçü metodumuz yok. İhtimal hesaplarına göre elde edilen Türkiye Deprem Bölgeleri Haritası, bize hangi noktanın ne kadar büyüklükte bir depreme maruz kalacağını ve o noktada ne kadar hasar ve can kaybı olacağını tahmin etmemizi sağlar.
- Yani İstanbul dâhil Türkiye'nin her noktasında maruz kalınacak tehlike büyüklüğü artmaktadır. Bu nedenle depreme en tehlikeli bölgelerde öncelikle hazır olmak gerekir, Marmara Bölgesi de böyle bir durumdadır.
TEKİRDAĞ VE ÇEVRESİNDE DAHA ÖNCE 7 BÜYÜKLÜĞÜNDE DEPREM YAŞANDI
'Son deprem uyarıcı nitelikte'
"Tekirdağ'da meydana gelen deprem, yeri itibariyle Kuzey Anadolu Fay kuşağının Marmara içerisindeki Ana Marmara Fayı'na yakın yerde oldu" diyen Prof. Dr. Haluk Eyidoğan "Geçmiş yıllarda bu bölgede çok sayıda ve bu büyüklükteki depremler oldu. Örneğin Kuzey Anadolu Fayı'nın Gaziköy-Mürefte-Şarköy-Saros hattında uzanan parçasında (Ganos Fayı veya Gaziköy Fayı olarak adlandırılır) 1912'de 7.4 büyüklüğünde bir deprem oldu ve çok ağır hasarlara ve can kayıplarına yol açtı" dedi ve ekledi:
"Son deprem, yılda 23 milimetre hızla hareket eden fay kuşağının aktivitesini sürdürdüğünü gösteriyor. Bu hareket sırasında Ana Marmara Fayı'nın kuzeyinde ve güneyinde ikincil faylar oluşmakta. Son deprem de Ana Marmara Fayı'nın hemen güneyinde oluşan sıkışma etkisiyle oluşan hafif büyüklükte deprem olarak değerlendirilebilir. Konumu itibariyle de oldukça uyarıcı bir durumdur"
BÜYÜK MARMARA DEPREMİNİN ÖNÜMÜZDEKİ 25 YILDA OLASILIĞI YÜZDE 65
Uzun yıllardır İstanbul'u etkileyecek düzeyde 7 büyüklüğünde bir deprem beklendiği sürekli söyleniyor. Peki ama büyüklüğünün bu kadar yüksek olması neye dayanıyor? Özellikle mevcut fay hareketliliğine bakarsak büyük deprem için kaç yıllık bir süre biçilebilir?Bu konuyla ilgili en önemli kıstasın, bölgenin deprem tarihi üzerine yapılmış çok sayıda bilimsel çalışma ve deprem katalogları olduğunun altını çizen Prof. Dr. Haluk Eyidoğan, "Marmara Denizi ve çevresindeki depremler ile ilgili bilgilerimiz 2 bin yıl geriye gidebilmekte" dedi ve olası depremle ilgili şu bilgileri paylaştı:
- MS 32-2021 yılları arasında büyüklüğü 6 ve daha fazla olan onlarca deprem ve bunların kıyılarda yarattığı tsunami olayları tespit edildi. Karada ve denizde yapılan deniz jeofiziği çalışmalarından elde edilen fay bilgileri ve deprem tarihi analizleri Marmara ve çevresindeki yerleşimler için ihtimaller hesapları ile deprem tehlike değerlerini elde etmemizi sağladı.
- Bugüne kadar çeşitli çalışmaların vardığı kötümser tehlike ihtimali şudur: Marmara Denizi'nde başta İstanbul olmak üzere çevresindeki tüm yerleşimleri olumsuz etkileyecek ve kayıplara neden olacak 7 ve daha büyük bir depremin olma olasılığı önümüzdeki 25 yıl içerisinde yüzde 65'tir. Zaten İstanbul için deprem kayıp değerleri de buna göre yapılıyor.
2019'DA İSTANBUL İÇİN TSUNAMİ SENARYOSU YAPILDI: 16 İLÇE RİSK ALTINDA
Marmara Bölgesi'nde olacak büyük bir deprem tsunami olma ihtimalini de artıran bir durum. Zaten TBMM Depreme Karşı Alınabilecek Önlemlerin ve Depremlerin Zararlarının En Aza İndirilmesi için Alınması Gereken Tedbirlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Kurulan Araştırma Komisyonu, geçen yıl 16 Temmuz'da Meclis Başkanı Mustafa Şentop'a 522 sayfalık bir rapor sunmuştu. Raporda depremin neden olacağı sonuçlar arasında özellikle dikkat çeken bir nokta vardı: Tsunami oluşumu...
Tsunami'de ilk dalganın hasar vermeyen 'centilmen' ardından gelenlerin 'yıkıcı' olduğu tespiti yapılan raporda, "Ülkemizde Akdeniz, Ege ve Marmara Denizi kıyıları, yoğun kullanım ve yüksek sismik etkinlik ile birlikte tsunami tehdidine açıktır" ifadeleri de yer almıştı. Özetle tsunami felaketini yaşayabilme olasılığımı yüksek.
Bu konuda 2019'da ayrıntılı bir rapor yayımlandığını da vurgulayan Prof. Dr. Haluk Eyidoğan,"Raporda ayrıntılı tsunami senaryosu yapıldı. İstanbul'un kıyılarındaki yerleşmelerin maruz kalacağı maksimum su basma sevileri (Yükseklikleri) hesaplandı ve su altında kalacak konut, resmi yapı ve işyerlerinin ayrıntılı haritaları oluşturuldu" dedi ve ekledi:
"İstanbul kıyılarında beklenen maksimum tsunami su basma yükseklikleri‚ Silivri-7.5 m, Büyükçekmece- 8.5 m, Beylikdüzü- 4.7 m, Avcılar- 5.0 m, Küçükçekmece- 5.5 m, Bakırköy- 6.5 m, Zeytinburnu- 7.0 m, Fatih- 7.0 m, Beyoğlu- 3.0 m, Beşiktaş- 3.0 m, Üsküdar- 3.0 m, Kadıköy- 7.8 m, Maltepe- 8.0 m, Kartal- 6.0 m, Pendik- 5.7 m, Tuzla- 6.5 m…"
DEPREM KAYIPLARINI AZALTMAK İÇİN NELER YAPILMALI?
Deprem Marmara'nın olmazsa olmazı… Bu nedenle atılan adımlar var. Ama yine de kayıpları azaltmak için nasıl tedbirler almak gerekiyor? Prof. Dr. Haluk Eyidoğan 6 madde de yapılması gerekenleri sıraladı:
1- Bina bazında olası hasar derecesi ve insan kayıpları hesapları yapmalı ve yapı envanterini yenilemeliyiz.
2- Risk altındaki sektörler belirlenmeli, mekânsal analizler yapılmalı ve deprem kayıplarını azaltacak yenileme, iyileştirme, güçlendirme çalışmaları yapılmalı. Gerektiğinde mevzuatta değişiklikler yapılmalı ve öncelikli projeler gerçekleştirilmeli.
3- Yalnızca yapı birimlerini değil, açık alan ve barınma alan sistemini, tehlikeli madde stoklarını, tarihi ve kültürel mirası, ticaret ve altyapıyı birlikte düşünen bir bütünleşik korunma / sakınım planlaması yapmalıyız ve uygulamalıyız.
4- Yüksek afet riski gösteren özel alanlar için yaptırım gücüne sahip plan ve uygulamalara başvurmalıyız. İmar planı yapım ve uygulama pratiğimizi bu anlamda geliştirmeliyiz.
5- Yerelde toplumun büyük tehlikeye karşı sosyal direnç ve örgütlülüğünü güçlendirecek sürekli eğitimler ve uygulamalar yapılmalı. STK, MAG, Okul ve Aile Birlikleri konuyla ilgili odaklar olabilir.
6- Kentsel dönüşüm için her yıl genel bütçeden afet risklerinin azaltılması için kullanılacak bir bütçe havuzu oluşturmalıyız ve öncelikli alanlarda ve alt ve orta gelir grubunun risk altında olduğu alanlarda deprem güvenli yerleşmeler oluşturmalıyız.