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Şaban ayı şubat ayıyla birlikte araştırılan konulardan biri oldu. Müslümanlar şaban ayında idrak edilecek Miraç Kandili tarihini de sorguluyor. Üç aylardan biri olan şaban ayının ne zaman başlayacağı merak konusu oldu. Şaban ayının 13, 14 ve 15. günleri olan eyyam -ı bıyd–ı oruçlu geçirene Allah mükafat ve ecir verir. Peki, Şaban ayı orucu sevabı nedir? İşte detaylar...
2023 ŞABAN AYI NE ZAMAN?
Şaban ayı ise 21 Şubat 2023 Salı günü başlayacak.
ŞABAN AYININ 13, 14, 15. GÜNÜ NE ZAMAN?
21 Şubat : Şaban ayı 1. günü
22 Şubat : Şaban ayı 2. günü
23 Şubat : Şaban ayı 3. günü
24 Şubat : Şaban ayı 4. günü
25 Şubat : Şaban ayı 5. günü
26 Şubat : Şaban ayı 6. günü
27 Şubat : Şaban ayı 7. günü
28 Şubat : Şaban ayı 8. günü
1 Mart : Şaban ayı 9. günü
2 Mart : Şaban ayı 10. günü
3 Mart : Şaban ayı 11. günü
4 Mart : Şaban ayı 12. günü
5 Mart : Şaban ayı 13. günü
6 Mart : Şaban ayı 14. günü
7 Mart : Şaban ayı 15. günü
8 Mart : Şaban ayı 16. günü
9 Mart : Şaban ayı 17. günü
10 Mart : Şaban ayı 18. günü
11 Mart : Şaban ayı 19. günü
12 Mart : Şaban ayı 20. günü
13 Mart : Şaban ayı 21. günü
14 Mart : Şaban ayı 22. günü
15 Mart : Şaban ayı 23. günü
16 Mart : Şaban ayı 24. günü
17 Mart : Şaban ayı 25. günü
18 Mart : Şaban ayı 26. günü
19 Mart : Şaban ayı 27. günü
20 Mart : Şaban ayı 28. günü
21 Mart : Şaban ayı 29. günü
22 Mart : Şaban ayı 30. günü
23 Mart : Ramazan ayı 1. günü
ŞABAN AYININ ÖNEMİ
Resul-i Ekrem Efendimiz Aleyhissalâtü Vesselam diğer aylara göre bu ayda daha çok ibadet ve taatte bulunurlardı.
"Şaban benim ayımdır."
"Şaban günahları temizleyendir" buyurarak kadrini yüceltirdi.
Receb ayı geldiği zaman da "Allahım, Receb ve Şaban (ayını) bize mübarek ve bereketli kıl" buyururdu. Böylece dua ve niyazlarında bu ayların kudsiyetini dile getirmişlerdir.
Peygamberimizin Şaban ayı na gösterdiği bu hürmetin bir sebebi de devamında gelecek olan Kur'ân ayı olan Ramazan 'dan dolayı idi. Hz. Enes'in rivayetine göre, Peygamberimizden sual ederler:
"Ya Resulallah, Ramazan'dan başka en faziletli oruç ayı hangi aydadır?"
Bu soruya Peygamberimiz Aleyhissalâtü Vesselam,
"Ramazan'ı tazim için (Ramazan hürmetine) Şâban'da tutulan oruçtur" cevabını vermiştir.
ŞABAN AYI NEDİR?
Sözlükte "dağılmak, gruplara ayrılmak" anlamındaki şa'b kökünden türeyen şa'bân kamerî yılın recebden sonra, ramazan dan önce gelen sekizinci ayının adıdır ve dinî gelenekte önemli bir yeri olan üç ayların ikincisidir. Bu ayın İslâm'dan önce Arab-ı bâide (Âd ve Semûd) döneminde mevhâ', Arab-ı âribe devrinde va'l, 'âdil ya da â?il diye adlandırıldığı, şâban isminin hicrî takvimde yer alan diğer ay adlarıyla birlikte Arab-ı müsta'ribe döneminde kullanılmaya başlandığı, İslâmiyet'in ortaya çıktığı devirde Araplar'ın bu isimleri kullanmakta olduğu nakledilir. "el-Mükerrem, el-muazzam, eş-şerîf" sıfatlarıyla da anılan şâban Osmanlı belgelerinde "?" kısaltmasıyla gösterilmiştir.
Şâban kelimesinin kamerî takvimin sekizinci ayına ad olması farklı şekillerde açıklanmıştır. Bir yoruma göre, savaşmanın yasak olduğu haram aylardan biri olan recebden sonra silâhlı baskınlar için kabilelerin gruplar halinde dağılması sebebiyle bu isimle anılmıştır. Araplar'ın bu ayda su temin etmek amacıyla gruplara ayrılmalarından dolayı bu ismin verildiği ya da ramazan ve receb aylarını birbirinden ayırdığı için böyle adlandırıldığı yolunda açıklamalar da mevcuttur. Diğer bir yoruma göre ise kamerî ayların eski adlarının değiştirilmesi ağaçların dal verdiği döneme rastladığından bu ismi almıştır. Araplar, haram ayların yerlerini değiştirmek veya haccın sabit bir mevsimde yapılmasını sağlamak amacıyla haram ayları ertelediklerinde receb ayını şâbanın yerine kaydırırlar ve bu iki ayı "recebân" diye adlandırırlardı (bk. NESÎ).
Şâban ayının büyük kısmını oruçlu geçiren Hz. Peygamber (Buhârî, "?avm", 52; Müslim, "?ıyâm", 176-177), "İnsanların değerini bilemedikleri bu ayda ameller Allah'a arzedilir; ben amellerimin oruçlu iken Allah'a arzedilmesini arzu ediyor ve bu ayda oruç tutuyorum" buyurmuş (Müsned, V, 201; Nesâî, "?avm", 70), ramazan dışındaki en faziletli orucun şâbanda tutulan oruç olduğunu ifade etmiştir (Tirmizî, "Zekât", 28). Bu rivayetler sebebiyle şâban ayında oruç tutulması mendup olmakla birlikte Hz. Âişe'den nakledilen, Resûl-i Ekrem'in ramazan ayından başka hiçbir ayın tamamını oruçlu geçirmediği şeklindeki rivayeti yanında (Buhârî, "?avm", 52; Müslim, "?ıyâm", 176-177) oruç tutmanın farz olduğu ramazan ayına şevkle girmeyi zorlaştıracağı için şâbanın on beşinden sonra orucun azaltılması veya terkedilmesi tavsiye edilmiştir. Hatta bazı Şâfiî eserlerinde mûtat oruçlar dışında şâban ayının ikinci yarısında nâfile oruç tutmanın haram olduğu belirtilir (bk. ORUÇ). Hz. Peygamber'e isnat edilen, "Receb Allah'ın ayıdır, şâban benim ayımdır, ramazan ise ümmetimin ayıdır"; "Şâbanın diğer aylardan üstünlüğü benim diğer peygamberlere karşı üstünlüğüm gibidir" şeklindeki rivayetlerin aslının bulunmadığı tesbit edilmiştir (Süyûtî, s. 114; Aclûnî, II, 85). Şâbanın on beşinci gecesinde müslümanların Allah tarafından bağışlanacağı umulduğundan bu gecenin özellikle ihya edilmesine ayrı bir önem verilmiştir (bk. BERAT GECESİ).
İslâm tarihinde şâban ayında meydana gelen önemli olaylar arasında orucun farz kılınması (2/624), Hz. Peygamber'in Hafsa ile evlenmesi (3/625), Hz. Hüseyin'in doğumu (4/626), Benî Mustali? (Müreysî') Gazvesi (5/627) zikredilebilir. Fâtımîler döneminde Ezher'de receb ve şâbanın başına ve ortalarına rastlayan "vekud" gecelerinde dinî ihtifaller düzenlenirdi (DİA, XII, 59). Surre alayının İstanbul'dan deniz yoluyla gönderilmeye başlandığı 1864 yılından itibaren bu merasim şâban ayının on beşinde düzenlenirdi.
ŞABAN AYINDA ORUCUN ÖNEMİ
Müslümanlara sadaka verme ve Kur'an-ı Kerim okuma gibi ibadetlere kişilerin daha çok yönelmesi tavsiye edilen üç aylarda, oruç ibadetinin ne zaman yapılacağı sıkça araştırılıyor. Hz. Peygamber, Recep ayı girdiği sırada "Allah'ım, Recep ve Şaban aylarını bize mübarek kıl ve bizi Ramazan 'a ulaştır." şeklinde dua etmiştir. Regaip, Berat ve Miraç kandilleri ile Kadir Gecesi gibi birbirinden önemli tarihleri de içeren üç aylar 2 Şubat tarihinde başladı. Üç ayların manevi atmosferini yaşamak ve bu aylarda ibadet ederek ihya etmek isteyen pek çok Müslüman, bu aylarda oruç tutmak istiyor.
ŞABAN AYI'NIN FAZİLETİ NEDİR?
Peygamber (sav) şöyle buyururlar:
"Bu Receb ve Ramazan ayları arasında öyle faziletli bir aydır ki, insanların çoğu bundan gafildir. Bu öyle bir aydır ki, ameller, Âlemlerin Rabbine bu ayda yükseltilir. Bu nedenle Ben de oruçlu iken amellerimin yükseltilmesini severim." (Nesai, Savm, 70.)
Allah Teala Hazretleri aylardan Receb, Şa'ban, Ramazan ve Muharrem aylarını ihtiyar etmiş ve bunlardan da Şaban ayı Efdali Enbiya sallallahü aleyhi ve sellem Efendimizin şehri olduğu için Şa'ban ayını faziletli kılmıştır. Şakkı Kamer Şa'ban ayında vuku bulmuştur.
HİCRİ AYLARIN 13, 14 VE 15. GÜNLERİNDE (EYYAM-I BİYZ ) ORUÇ TUTMANIN FAZİLETİ
Kameri ayların 13, 14 ve 15. günlerinde yani "eyyam -i biyz" denilen ayın en parlak günlerinde nafile oruç tutmanın fazileti hakkında pek çok hadis-i şerif vardır.
Nitekim Hz. Hafsa (ra) diyor ki:
"Dört şeyi Resûlüllah sallallâhu aleyhi ve sellem Efendimiz hemen hemen hiç terketmedi diyebilirim: Âşûrâ orucu, Zilhicce'nin ilk on gününün orucu, her ayın 13, 14, 15. günlerinde oruç ve bir de sabah farzından önce iki rek'at namaz..." (Ahmed bin Hanbel, Nesâi)
Hadiste geçen günler, Hicri Takvime göre Kameri ayların 13, 14 ve 15. günleridir. Sabah kılınan sünnet ise, sabah namazının sünnetidir.
Peygamber Efendimiz (asm), Ramazan orucu farz kılınmadan önce "eyyam-i biyz" günlerinde bu orucu tutmuş (Ahmed, 5/246; Tirmizî, Savm, 41, 54), Ramazan orucu farz kılındıktan sonra da bu orucu tutmaya devam etmiş (Tirmizî, Savm, 54), "Kim her aydan üç gün oruç tutarsa ömür boyu oruç tutmuş gibi olur." (Tirmizî, Savm, 54, III, 135) ve "(Ramazan ayının dışında ) Oruç tutmak istediğin zaman, ayın 13, 14 ve 15. günlerinde oruç tut." (Suyuti, el-Camiu's-Sagir, 1/66 H. No: 892) sözleriyle bu orucun tutulmasını teşvik etmiştir.