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Özel güvenlik şirketi Wagner'in kurucusu Yevgeniy Prigojin, Rus ordusunu Wagner'e saldırı düzenlemekle suçlayıp karşılık vermekle tehdit etti, Wagner savaşçıları Ukrayna 'yı terk ederek sınırdaki Rostov bölgesine girdi. Rusya Devlet Başkanı Vladimir Putin , Wagner'in isyanını "vatana ihanet" olarak nitelendirdi. Prigojin, Moskova 'ya gideceklerini açıklamış, Kremlin yönetimi ise ülkenin pek çok bölgesinde güvenlik önlemlerini artırdı. Dün yaşanan ve iç savaşa doğru ilerleyen krizi Belarus 'un araya girmesiyle sonlandı.
Rusya benzer bir krizi 325 yıl önce Çar Petro döneminde de yaşamış ve kriz isyancı grubun tarihten silinmesiyle noktalandı.
AYNI KADERİ YAŞIYORLAR! Sabah gazetesi yazarlarından Erhan Afyoncu Çar Petro ve Vladimir Putin karşılaştığı bu zorlu ve benzer mücadeleyi ayrıntılarıyla aktardı.
İşte Afyoncu'nun yazısı: Gün geçmiyor ki Putin-Petro benzetmesi olmasın. Talihin cilvesine bakın ki Putin de örnek aldığı Çar Petro ile aynı kaderi paylaşıyor. 1698'de dönemin en önemli askeri gücü olan Strelitzler, Putin'e karşı ayaklanan Wagner gibi Çar Petro'yu tahttan indirmek için isyan ettiler. İsyan, Strelitzlerin tarihten silinmesiyle neticelendi.
Petro, 10 yaşındayken 1682'de tahta çıktı. Ancak üvey ablası Sofiya 'nın, o dönemin sürekli ordusu olan Strelitzleri ayaklandırmasıyla tahtı hem bedenen hem de aklen sakat olan kardeşi İvan ile paylaşmak zorunda kaldı. İvan birinci çar, Petro ikinci çar, Sofiya da naibe ilan edildi. Ülkeyi idare eden Sofiya, Petro ve annesi Nataliya'yı başkent yakınlarındaki bir köye sürdü.
KOMPLO BAŞARISIZ OLDU Petro bu dönemde Latince, Almanca , Felemenkçe öğrendi. Sürekli okudu. Rusya 'ya gelen Avrupalılarla yakınlık kurarak medeniyetleri hakkında bilgi sahibi oldu. En büyük tutkusu denizcilikti. Çocukluğunda kayıklardan oluşan bir filo kurmuş, bunlara Peresvavl Gölü üzerinde manevralar yaptırırdı.
1689'da Petro'dan tamamen kurtulmak isteyen Sofiya ve yandaşlarının hazırladığı komplonun başarısız olmasıyla tahtı üzerindeki gölge kalktı. Petro iktidara hâkim olup ablasının naibeliğine son verdi. Strelitzlerin kendi iktidarını sınırlandırmasını önlemek için siyasi nüfuzlarını azalttı. Moskova 'daki garnizonların bir kısmını Kiev ve başka şehirlere nakletti.
BİNLERCE İSYANCI ÖLDÜRÜLDÜ Petro, 1697'de 270 kişilik bir toplulukla kendisini gizleyerek Avrupa'ya gitti. Hollanda'yı ve İngiltere'yi gezdi. Amsterdam ve Zaandam tersanelerinde birkaç ay kaldı. Buralarda bir işçi gibi çalıştı. Avrupa'da kaldığı sürece gördüğü her şeyi inceledi. Örnek modeller hazırlattı. Cevdet Paşa, onun Avrupa'da kalmasını "Büyük Petro Avrupa'yı gören, orada yaşayan, ilim ve fenni orada öğrenen bir adamdı. Bizimkilerin böyle bir gezme ve görme imkânı olmadığı için tecrübesizliklerimiz oldu" sözleriyle değerlendirir.
Sofiya 1698'de, Petro Avrupa seyahatindeyken kardeşini tahttan indirmek içim Strelitzleri harekete geçirdi. Durumu haber alan Petro, Rusya 'ya döndü. Strelitzlerin binlercesi öldürüldü, binlercesi de sınırdışı edildi. Asi askerlere, halkın gözü önünde ağır işkenceler yapıldı. Petro, 1702'de İsveç'e karşı başlayan Kuzey Savaşı'nda Strelitzleri tekrar canlandırdı. 1711'de Prut Savaşı'nda da Strelitzler rol aldı. Ancak 1720'den itibaren Strelitzler, Rus ordusunun içine katılarak tarihten tamamen kaldırıldı.
REFORMLARLA ÜLKEYİ DEĞİŞTİRDİ Petro, Strelitzleri ortadan kaldırdıktan sonra reformlara başladı. Avrupalı gibi giyinmeye zorladığı Rus asillerinin sakallarını kestirtti. Sakalını kesmeyenlerinkini kendi eliyle kesti. Petro'dan önce düzenli bir Rus ordusu yoktu. Soyluların beslediği askerler, Kazaklar, Strelitz muhafızları ve ordunun yarısını meydana getiren yabancı paralı askerler Rus ordusunu oluşturuyordu.
Rusya 'nın ilk milli ordusu onun zamanında kuruldu. Askerliği zorunlu hale getirerek paralı askerlere olan ihtiyacın ortadan kalkmasını sağladı. Ateşli silahların kullanılmasını yaygınlaştırdı, askeri eğitime önem verdi. Kara ordusunda ve donanmada ağır silahları kullanacak insanların eğitimi için akademiler kurdu.
Rusya 'nın Baltık Denizi'nde ve Karadeniz'de limanı olmadığı için donanması da yoktu. İlk Rus donanmasını kurdu ve ülkesinin denizlerde de bir güç olarak boy göstermesini sağladı.
Viyana bozgun yıllarında Osmanlı'ya karşı kurulan Haçlı ittifakına katılıp Azak'ı işgal etti. Defalarca mağlup olduğu İsveç Kralı Demirbaş Şarl'ı Poltava Savaşı'nda yendi. 1711'de Prut Savaşı'nda Osmanlı ordusuna mağlup oldu. Ancak Baltacı Mehmed Paşa, eline geçen Rus ordusunu yok etme fırsatını kullanamadı. Petro 1716'da ikinci kez Avrupa'ya seyahat etti. 1725'te öldüğünde arkasında çok farklı bir Rusya bırakmıştı.
YENİÇERİLERE BENZİYORLARDI Rusça "okçu, silahdar" demek olan Strelitzler (streltsy) uzun süre Rus ordusunun en önemli askerleriydiler. Bu askeri grup 16. yüzyılın ortalarında Rus Çarı Korkunç İvan tarafından kuruldu. Kelime manası "okçu" demek olsa da tüfeği de yoğun olarak kullanıyorlardı. Hem piyade hem de süvariydiler.
Kendilerine mahsus üniformaları vardı. Rus Çarı'nın yakın korumasıydılar. İşlev olarak Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki yeniçerilere benziyorlardı. İlk defa 1552'de Kazan kuşatmasında görüldüler. Baltıklar'daki savaşlarda ve Türk hanlıklarına karşı askeri faaliyetlerde rol oynadılar. Askerlerin önemli bir kısmı Moskova 'da bulunduğundan zamanla siyasi hadiselerde ana aktör haline geldiler.
Başlangıçta halktan seçiliyorlardı. Daha sonra babadan oğula geçen ve ömür boyu süren bir askeri kast haline geldi. Strelitz komutanları, asil ailelerden oluşur ve devlet tarafından atanırlardı. Savaş dışında asayişi sağlar, yangınlarda itfaiyecilik yaparlardı.
Yeniçeriler gibi ticaret ve zanaatla uğraştılar. Bunun sebebi, devlet maaş ödemede sıkıntı çekiği için başka işler yapmalarına izin verilmesinden dolayıydı. Rus yönetimi ayrıca maaş yerine Strelitzlere toprak da vermişti. Bu tür faaliyetler Strelitzlerin askeri fonksiyonlarını zayıflattı.
16. yüzyılın sonlarında 20 bin olan Strelitzlerin sayısı 1681'de 55 bine ulaşmıştı. Bunların 22 bin 500'ü Moskova 'da bulunurken, kalanları sınır boyları ve kasabalarda garnizonlar halindeydiler.
Strelitzler, yeniçeriler gibi birçok isyanda rol oynadılar. Rus Çarı Petro ve kardeşi V. İvan'ın 1680'lerdeki veraset mücadelesinde önemli aktör oldular.
AHMED CEVDET PAŞA'NIN GÖZÜNDEN STRELİTZLER Tarihçi Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, eserinde Strelitzlerden şöyle bahseder: "Rusya , güçlü ve meşhur bir devlet değil iken şimdilerde yeryüzünün dokuz parçasından bir parçasına malik olmuş bir devlettir. Bu eserin mimarı da Büyük Petro'dur. Astrahan Eyaleti'ni zapt eden Ruslar, Kafkas diyarına taarruz etmek istemişlerdir.
Ancak o zamanlar devlette intizam olmadığından ve eski askeri grupları olan İsterlic (Strelitz) ocağı ara sıra fitne çıkardıklarından amaçlarına ulaşamamışlardır. Yeniçeri, Devlet-i Âliyye'nin (Osmanlı Devleti) kalbinde bir seretân (kanser) illetine benzerdi. Strelitz askeri ise Rusya 'nın omzunda bir ur idi."