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11 ayın sultanı mübarek Ramazan ayında fitre miktarı, internet üzerinden sürekli araştırılıyor. Halk arasında fitre olarak bilinen fıtır sadakası ne zaman ve kimlere veriliyor? Ramazan ayında oruç tutamayanların verdiği fitre ile ilgili bilgileri derledik. Tüm Müslümanlara farz kılınmış olan oruç bazı kişilere ve durumlarda farz kılınmamıştır. Peki oruç tutmamayı mubah kılan mazeretler nelerdir? 2020 fitre miktarı ne kadar?
2020 FİTRE MİKTARI Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu Başkanlığı, 2020 fitre miktarı nı 27 TL olarak belirledi.
FITIR SADAKASI KİMLERE VERİLEBİLİR, KİMLERE VERİLEMEZ? Fıtır sadakası, kişinin bakmakla yükümlü olmadığı yoksul müslümanlara verilir. Fıtır sadakası ve oruç fidyesini vermek durumunda olan kimsenin bunlardan doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak yararlanmaması esastır. Zekât için de aynı kural geçerlidir. Bu sebeple bir kimse zekâtını, fıtır sadakasını ve fidyesini kendi usûl ve fürûuna veremez. (Usûl, bir kimsenin anası, babası, dede ve nineleri; fürûu ise; çocukları, torunları ve onların çocuklarıdır.) Ayrıca eşler de birbirlerine zekât, fitre ve fidye veremez. Hanefilere göre aşağıda sayılanlara fitre verilmez: a) Ana, baba, büyük ana ve büyük babalara, b) Oğul, oğlun çocukları, kız, kızın çocukları ve bunlardan doğan çocuklara, c) Eşine, d) Zengine yani aslî ihtiyaçları dışında nisap miktarı mala sahip olan kişiye, e) Babası zengin olan ergen olmamış çocuğa (Merğinânî, el-Hidâye, II, 223-228). Şâfiîlere ve Ebu Yusuf'a göre fitre, Müslüman olmayana da verilemez (Mâverdî, el-Hâvî, III, 387; X, 519; Merğinânî, el-Hidâye, II, 223). Bunların dışındaki kardeş, teyze, dayı, amca, hala ve onların çocukları, gelin, damat, kayınpeder ve kayınvalide gibi akrabalar zengin değillerse kendilerine zekât, fitre ve fidye verilebilir (Zeylaî, Tebyîn, I, 301).
FITIR SADAKASI NEDİR VE NE ZAMAN VERİLİR? Halk arasında fitre diye bilinen fıtır sadakası (sadaka-i fıtır); insan olarak yaratılmanın ve Ramazan orucunu tutup bayrama ulaşmanın bir şükrü olarak; dinen zengin olup Ramazan ayının sonuna yetişen müslümanın, belirli kimselere vermesi vacip olan bir sadakadır (Nevevî, el-Mecmû', VI, 103-105). Vacip oluşu, sünnetle sabittir (Buhârî, Zekât, 70-78; Müslim, Zekât, 12-16; Ebû Dâvûd, Zekât, 18; İbn Mâce, Zekât, 21). Kişi, kendisinin ve küçük çocuklarının fitrelerini vermekle yükümlüdür. Hz. Peygamber, köle-hür, büyük-küçük, kadın-erkek her müslümana fitrenin gerektiğini ifade etmiştir (Ebû Dâvûd, Zekât, 20). Fıtır sadakasının vacip olma zamanı Ramazan bayramının birinci günü olmakla birlikte, bayramdan önce de verilebilir. Hatta bu daha faziletlidir. Bununla birlikte, bayram günü veya daha sonra da verilebilir. Ancak, bayram namazından önce verilmesi müstehap kabul edilmiştir. Şâfiî mezhebinde ise; fitreyi, meşru bir mazeret bulunmadıkça bayramın birinci gününün gün batımından sonraya bırakmak haramdır. Fitreyi Ramazan'ın ilk günlerinde vermek de caizdir (Nevevî, el-Mecmû', VI, 128). Fitrenin hedefi, bir fakirin içinde yaşadığı toplumun hayat standardına göre bir günlük yiyeceğinin karşılanması, böylece bayram sevincine iştirak etmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Günümüzde fıtır sadakası miktarının belirlenmesinde, kişinin bir günlük (iki öğün) normal gıda ihtiyacını karşılayacak miktarın ölçü alınması daha uygundur. Kişi dinen zengin sayılanlara, usûlüne (anne, baba, dedeler ve nineler), fürûuna (çocuk ve torunlar) ve eşine fıtır sadakası veremez. Fitreler bir fakire verilebileceği gibi, birkaç fakire de dağıtılabilir. (Merğînânî, el-Hidâye, II, 224). Ancak bir kişiye verilen miktar bir fitreden az olmamalıdır.
KİMLER FITIR SADAKASI VERMEKLE YÜKÜMLÜDÜR? Ramazan bayramına kavuşan, temel ihtiyaçlarının ve bir yıllık borçlarının dışında nisap miktarı (80.18 gr. altın veya bu değerde) mala sahip olan müslümanlar kendileri ve velayetleri altındaki kişiler için fıtır sadakası vermekle yükümlüdürler (Kâsânî, Bedâî', II, 70, 72). Ancak fıtır sadakası ile yükümlü olmak için bulunması gereken nisap miktarı malın, "artıcı" özellikte olması ve üzerinden "bir kameri yıl" geçmiş olması gerekmez. Kişi kendisinin ve ergenlik çağına ulaşmamış çocuklarının fitresini vermekle yükümlüdür (Kâsânî, Bedâî', II, 70). Buna karşılık kişininana-babası, büyük çocukları, karısı, kardeşleri ve diğer yakınları için fitre ödeme zorunluluğu yoktur. (Kâsânî, Bedâî', II, 70, 72). Fakat vekâletleri olmadığı hâlde bu kişiler için ödeme yapsa geçerli olur. Şâfiî mezhebine göre ise fıtır sadakası vermek "farz"dır ve bununla yükümlü olmak için nisap miktarı mala sahip olmak şart değildir (Şirbînî, Muğni'l-muhtâc, I, 594). Buna göre temel ihtiyaçlarının yanı sıra bayram günü ve gecesine yetecek kadar azığa sahip zengin-fakir her müslüman fitre ile yükümlüdür (Şirbînî, Muğni'l-muhtâc, I, 594). Ayrıca varlıklı kimsenin müslüman olan eşi, çocukları, ana-babası ve diğer yakınları için de sadaka-i fıtır vermesi gerekir. (Şirbînî, Muğni'l-muhtâc, I, 595; İbn Rüşd, Bidâye, I, 279-280). VAKTİNDE ÖDENMEYEN FITIR SADAKASI BORCU NASIL ÖDENİR? Bütün ibadetlerde olduğu gibi sadaka-i fıtır yükümlülüğü de geciktirilmeyip zamanında yerine getirilmelidir. Bununla birlikte zamanında ödenmemişse, bu fitrelerin mümkün olan ilk fırsatta ödenmesi gerekir. Fitre yükümlülüğü, İmam Şâfiî, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve bir rivayette İmam Mâlik'e göre Ramazan'ın son günü güneşin batmasıyla, Ebû Hanîfe'ye ve diğer bazı müctehid imamlara göre ise bayram günü tan yerinin ağarmasıyla gerçekleşir. Böyle olmakla birlikte fitre Ramazan ayı içinde de verilebilir. Hatta fakirlerin bayram ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaları için, bayramdan önce verilmesi daha iyidir. Ancak bayram sabahına kadar sadaka-i fıtır verilmemiş ise, bayram günlerinde ödenmesi gerekir. Zamanında ödenmeyip sonraya kalan fitreler ise, mümkün olan ilk fırsatta ödenmelidir (İbn Âbidîn, Reddü'l-muhtâr, III, 312, 322). Şâfiî mezhebinde fitreyi, Ramazan'ın ilk günlerinde vermek caiz; meşru bir mazeret bulunmadıkça bayramın birinci gününün gün batımından sonraya ertelemek ise haramdır (Nevevî, el-Mecmû', VI, 128). Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre fitrenin ödenmesinin bayramdan sonraya bırakılması mekruh olmakla birlikte yapılan ödeme kaza değil edadır. Bazı fakihler ise fitreyi bayram sonrasına bırakmayı haram sayar ve yapılan ödemeyi kaza olarak nitelendirir (Cezîrî, el-Mezâhibü'l-erbe'a, I, 570).
ORU�� TUTMAMAYI MUBAH KILAN MAZERETLER NELERDİR? İslam dini, ilke olarak kişileri güçleri nispetinde sorumlu tutmuş, güçlerini aşan veya sıkıntıya yol açan durumlarda kolaylaştırıcı hükümler getirmiştir. Bu genel ilke uyarınca farz olan Ramazan orucu ibadetini belli şartlara bağlı olarak erteleme konusunda bazı ruhsatlar getirilmiştir. Kur'an-ı Kerim'de şöyle buyrulmuştur: "Ey inananlar! Oruç sizden öncekilere farz kılındığı gibi, Allah'a karşı gelmekten sakınasınız diye, size de sayılı günlerde farz kılındı. İçinizden hasta olan veya yolculukta bulunan, tutamadığı günler sayısınca diğer günlerde tutar. Oruca dayanamayanlar, bir düşkünü doyuracak kadar fidye verir. Kim gönülden iyilik yaparsa, o iyilik kendisinedir. Eğer bilirseniz, oruç tutmanız sizin için daha iyidir." (Bakara, 2/183-184) İslam âlimleri bu ayet-i kerime ve ilgili hadislere dayanarak Ramazan orucunu tutmamayı mubah kılan mazeretleri şöylece sıralamışlardır: a) Yolculuk: Ramazan'da sefer mesafesi (en az doksan km.) bir yere gitmek için yola çıkacak olan kimse, geceden oruca niyet etmeyebilir. Fakat niyet ettikten sonra gündüzün yolculuğa çıksa bu yolculuk esnasında meşru başka bir mazereti bulunmazsa orucunu bozmamalıdır. Başlanan bir ibadetin mazeret yoksa tamamlanması gerekir. Sefer bir mazeret olduğu için, eğer orucunu seferîliği başladıktan sonra bozarsa kendisine keffâret gerekmez, sadece kaza gerekir (İbn Âbidîn, Reddü'l-muhtâr, III, 402-405). b) Hastalık: Oruç tuttuğu zaman, hastalığının artmasından veya uzamasından endişe edilen kimse ile hastalığı sebebiyle oruç tutmakta zorlanan kişiler için, iyileştikten sonra kaza etmek üzere Ramazan ayında oruç tutmamalarına ruhsat tanınmıştır. Oruç tutması hâlinde hasta olacağı doktor tarafından bildirilen kimse de hasta hükmündedir. c) Yaşlılık: Oruç tutamayacak kadar yaşlı olan kimseler, oruç tutmayıp yerine fidye verebilirler. Bakara sûresinin 184. âyetinde, bu şekilde olup da oruca güç yetiremeyenlerin, oruç tutmayıp fidye vermeleri gerektiği hükme bağlanmıştır. İyileşme umudu olmayan hastalar da aynı hükme tabidir.
d) İleri derecede açlık, susuzluk: Açlık veya susuzluk sebebi ile beden ve ruh sağlığının ciddi derecede zarar görmesi söz konusu olan kimse orucunu bozabilir. Sağlık şartları düzelmesi hâlinde bozulan oruç Ramazan'dan sonra kaza edilir. Böyle bir kimsenin orucuna devam etmesi ölümüne sebep olacak nitelikte ise, orucunu açmaması yani oruca devam etmesi haram olur. e) Zor ve meşakkatli işlerde çalışmak: Esas itibarıyla bir insanın ibadetlerini normal bir şekilde yapmasını engelleyecek zor ve ağır işlerde çalışması veya çalıştırılması doğru değildir. Ancak kişisel veya toplumsal zorunluluklar, bazılarının böyle işlerde çalışmalarını gerektirebilmektedir. Böyle durumda bulunan bir kişi, oruç tuttuğu takdirde sağlığına bir zarar gelmesinden korkuyorsa, orucunu tutmayabilir. Bu durumda olanlar, izin günlerinde veya müsait zamanlarda tutamadıkları oruçlarını kaza etmelidirler. f) Gebe ve emzikli olmak: Oruç tuttuğu takdirde kendisinin veya çocuğunun zarar görmesi muhtemel olan gebe veya emzikli kadınlar da, sağlık durumu oruç tutmak için elverişli olmayanlar arasında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu durumda olanlar da oruç tutmayabilirler. Hatta zarar görme ihtimali kuvvetli ise tutmamaları gerekir. Durumları normale döndüğünde tutamadıkları oruçları kazâ ederler (Sahnûn, el-Müdevvene, I, 278-279; Şîrâzî, el-Mühezzeb, I, 328; İbn Kudâme, el-Kâfî, I, 433-434; Kâsânî, Bedâî', II, 97). Fakihler oruç tutmama ruhsatını Kur'an ve Sünnet'te zikredilen sebeplerle sınırlı tutmayı tercih etmiş, bunların ortak özelliği meşakkat olsa bile, her meşakkatli durumda oruç tutulmayabileceğini söylemekte temkinli davranmışlardır (İbn Kudâme, el-Kâfî, I, 433-436). Ruhsata gerekçe olan hâl ortadan kalkınca tutulamayan oruçlar kaza edilir. İyileşmesi mümkün olmayacak şekilde hasta olmak, ya da aşırı yaşlı bulunmak gibi oruç tutmaya sürekli bir engelin bulunması hâlinde tutulamayan her oruç için bir fidye verilir. Bir oruç fidyesi bir fıtır sadakası miktarıdır. Bir fıtır sadakası ise, bir kimseyi orta hâllisi ile bir gün doyurabilecek yiyecek miktarı veya bunun parasal karşılığıdır.