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Çin'de ortaya çıkan ve tüm dünyaya yayılan koronavirüs salgını, ilk günden beri bilim insanları tarafından araştırılıyor. Dünyada şu ana kadar binlerce kişinin ölümüne sebep olan virüsün yapısı, nasıl bulaştığı ve yayılım hızına dair yapılan araştırmalara her geçen gün yenisi ekleniyor. Bilim insanları bir taraftan virüsün yapısını araştırırken, bir taraftan da virüsün sonunu getirecek aşı ve ilaçlar�� bulmak için çalışmalarını sürdürüyor.
Bu çalışmaları yaparken onlara yardımcı olan canlılar ise, pek çok bilimsel araştırmada olduğu gibi 'fare ler'. Ancak, SARS-CoV-2 virüsü insanlarda olduğu gibi, farelerdeki ACE2 enzimine tutunamadığından, çalışmalarını fareler üzerinde sürdürecek virologlar çareyi, 'transgenik fareler' üretmekte buldu. Yani çalışmalar, 'insanlaştırılmış fareler' üzerinde yapılıyor. Araştırmalar insanlardaki ACE2 enzimleri, farelere enjekte edildikten sonra devam ederken, yakın zamanda Fransa merkezli yapılan bir çalışma, bu durumdaki değişikliği gözler önüne serdi. Çalışmaya göre artık, Güney Afrika ve Brezilya varyant virüslerinin normal fare hücrelerini de enfekte edebildiğini gösterdi. Bu bilimsel çalışmaların hızlanmasına olanak sağlayabilecekken, yeni bir endişeyi de ortaya çıkarıyor. Uzmanlar, varyant virüslerin başka hayvanları da enfekte edebiliyor olmalarının, yayılımı çok daha hızlandırabileceğini söylüyor. Bu durumda aşılanma ve toplumsal bağışıklığın biran önce sağlanması daha da önem kazandı.
"GÜNEY AFRİKA VE BREZİLYA MUTANTLARINDA FARKLI BİR ÖZELLİK GÖZLENDİ" Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Uzmanı Op. Dr. Bülent Polat, "Kovid virüsü bütün dünyayı olumsuz yönde etkilemeye devam ediyor. Geçici bir rahatlama olduktan sonra özellikle Mart'ın ikinci yarısından itibaren, tekrar dünya genelinde yükselişe geçti. Özellikle aşılama konusunda çok ileri gitmeyen ülkelerde… Ki bunlar Almanya, Fransa, İtalya gibi ülkeler. Virüs kısmen bizde de tekrar bir tırmanış gösteriyor. Burada tabii ki en önemli endişe, virüslerdeki bu mutasyon ve oluşan varyant dediğimiz farklılıklar. Bunlardan en çok endişe edileni özellikle Brezilya ve Güney Afrika varyant virüsleriydi. İngiltere'de ortaya çıkan varyant virüsün de yayılım açısından biraz daha kolay bulaşabilirliği söz konusuydu. Ama özellikle Güney Afrika ve Brezilya mutantlarında farklı bir özellik daha gözlendi. Yeni bir çalışma yapıldı" dedi.
"KOVİD VİRÜSÜ HİÇBİR ŞEKİLDE HAYVANLARI ENFEKTE EDEMİYORDU" Polat, bilim insanlarının koronavirüs e yönelik araştırmalarında insanlaştırılmış fare lere ihtiyaç duyduğunu vurgulayarak, "Bu çalışmayı açıklamadan önce şunu söylemek lazım ki, bilim insanları özellikle virüsün etkinliğini, bulaşabilirliğini, ona yönelik ilaçları çalışmak için hep fareleri kullanırlar. Önce farelere virüsleri enfekte ederler, sonra da ilaç ve aşı çalışmaları onlarda yapılabilir. Fakat kovid virüsünün normalde insanda bulunan ACE2 enzimine tutunarak hücrelere girdiğini biliyoruz. Ama farelerdeki ACE2 enzimi, insanlardan farklı olduğu için, kovid virüsü fareleri enfekte edemiyordu. Dolayısıyla çalışma şansı bırakmıyordu. O yüzden bir çözüm bulunmuştu, farelere insan geni verilerek, transgenik bir fare oluşturarak, onların bu ACE2 enzimlerini insanlardaki ile aynı hale getirmek mümkün oluyordu. Buna biz 'insanlaştırılmış fareler' diyoruz. Bunlarla çok rahatlıkla bilimsel çalışmalar yapılıyordu. Hatta ülkemizde olmadığı için bu fareler ülkeye transfer edildi ve burada üretilerek çalışmalar yapıldı" ifadelerini kullandı.
Yapılan çalışmalarda Brezilya ve Güney Afrika varyantlarında, virüsün artık normal fare lere de bulaşabildiğini ifade eden Polat, durumu şu sözlerle özetledi: "Kovid virüsü hiçbir şekilde hayvanları enfekte edemiyordu, sadece insanları enfekte ediyor ve insanlar arasında bulaşmayı sağlıyordu. Fakat, son yapılan çalışma bize gösterdi ki , Brezilya ve Güney Afrika varyantları olan virüsler, normal fareleri de enfekte edebiliyorlar. Yani insanlaştırılmış bu transgenik fareler dışında, normal fareleri de enfekte edebildikleri gösterildi. Daha kolay bulaşıyor. Tabii bu bir bakıma önce bir iyi haber olarak, artık çalışmaları normal farelerle de yapabileceğiz şeklinde, işleri kolaylaştıracağı yönünde olumlu imaj oluşturdu."
"SİRKÜLASYON VİRÜSÜN KONTROLÜNÜ ÇOK DAHA İMKANSIZ HALE GETİREBİLİR" Bülent Polat, "Ama hemen arkasından şu endişe de ortaya çıktı ki, acaba bu virüs insanlar dışında hayvanlara da bulaşabilir mi? Bu bir endişe kaynağı oldu. Farelere bulaşması, fareden fareye bulaşması ve sonra tekrar insana bulaşması gibi bir olay, böyle bir sirkülasyon virüsün kontrolünü çok daha imkansız hale getirebilir. Çok daha hızlı yayılım ortaya çıkarabilir. Bu bir endişe ama henüz bu konu ile ilgili ciddi bir neticeye ulaşılmış değil. Sadece bir endişe düzeyinde kalıyor" şeklinde konuştu.
'Ama bu şunu gösteriyor ki, biz aşı konusunda elimizi çok çabuk tutmalıyız' diyen Op. Dr. Polat, "Biran önce gerek aşıyla oluşan, gerekse hastalıklar sonucu oluşan toplumsal bağışıklığı yüzde 70-80'ler düzeyine çıkartmamız lazım ki virüsün bu olası, endişe verici bulaşıcılığından kurtulalım. O yüzden de bu endişeyi yaşamak aşı konusunda daha da hızlanmamızı gerektiriyor. Şükürler olsun ki Türkiye'de Mart-Nisan aylarında önemli ölçüde aşılanma sağlanacak. Görüyoruz ki Amerika, İngiltere ve İsrail'de hızlı bir şekilde ölüm oranlarında düşmeler var. Ama aşı konusunda geri kalmış Almanya, Frans, İtalya gibi ülkelerde hala günlük 250, 400, 500 kişiye ulaşan ölümler görüyoruz. Ülkemizde de yavaş yavaş artma eğilimi gösterdi. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmalar bize, aşılama konusunda hızlanma gerektiğini bir kez daha vurgulamış oldu" diye konuştu.