Nobel Tıp Ödülü, İsveç'in Stockholm kentindeki Karolinska Enstitüsü'nde açıklandı. 2022 Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü, soyu tükenmiş homininlerin genomları ve insan evrimine ilişkin keşifleri nedeniyle İsveçli Biyolog Svante Pabo'ya verildi.
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Nobel Tıp Ödülü, İsveç'in Stockholm kentindeki Karolinska Enstitüsü'nde açıklandı. 2022 Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü, soyu tükenmiş homininlerin genomları ve insan evrimine ilişkin keşifleri nedeniyle İsveçli Biyolog Svante Pabo'ya verildi.
SVANTE PAABO KİMDİR?
Svante Pääbo (d. 1955), Evrimsel Genetik alanında uzmanlaşmış İsveçli biyolog. 1955 yılında İsveç'in başkenti Stokholm'de doğdu ve doktorasını 1986 yılında Uppsala Üniversitesi'nde tamamladıktan sonra Leipzig, Almanya'da Max Planck Enstitüsü Evrimsel Antropoloji Genetik bölümü başkanı oldu . 1992 yılında, Alman Araştırma Kurumu'ndan Almanya'nın en önemli araştırma ödülü olan Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Ödülü'nü aldı.
Ağustos 2002'de Pääbo'nun araştırma birimi, eksik ya da hasarlı olması dil kabiliyetinin gelişmesinde sorunlara yol açan bir gen olan "Lisan geni" FOXP2'yi bulduklarını açıkladılar.
Pääbo, aynı zamanda ilk çağ insanları ve diğer antik topluluklar üzerine modern genetik yöntemlerini kullanarak çalışmalar yürüten bir bilim dalı olan paleogenetik'in kurucusu olarak bilinir. 2006 yılında, Neandertal'lerin gen haritasının tamamını yeniden inşa edilmesi planını açıkladı. 2007 yılında Pääbo, Time dergisi tarafından yılın etkili 100 kişisi listesine alındı.
SOYU TÜKENEN NEANDERTAL'İN GENOMUNU SIRALADI
Komiteden yapılan açıklamada, "Bu yılın fizyoloji veya tıp alanında Nobel Ödülü sahibi Svante Paabo, öncü araştırması sayesinde imkansız görünen bir şeyi başardı: günümüz insanının soyu tükenmiş bir akrabası olan Neandertal'in genomunu sıralamak. Paabo'nun keşifleri, evrimsel tarihimize dair yeni bir anlayış yarattı" denildi.
NEANDERTALLERİN GENLERİNİN YAKLAŞIK YÜZDE 2'Sİ AVRUPA, ASYA VE KÖKENLİ İNSANLARDA BULUNABİLİR
Yeni oluşturduğu Neandertal genomunu modern insanınkiyle karşılaştırdığında, birçoğunda küçük ama önemli bir örtüşme buldu. Neandertal genlerinin yaklaşık %2'si Avrupa, Asya ve uzak doğu kökenli insanlarda bulunabilir. Bununla birlikte, Afrika'dan gelen insanların Neandertal genleri yoktu. Pääbo, "Bu bir tür teknik hata değildi," diye ısrar ediyor. "Neandertaller bugün yaşayan insanlara DNA katmıştı. İnanılmaz derecede güzeldi. Neandertallerin soyu tamamen tükenmemişti."
Pääbo da dahil olmak üzere çoğu bilim insanı, modern insanın - Afrika'dan ilk ortaya çıktıklarında - Orta Doğu'da Neandertallerle karşılaştığını ve çiftleştiğini öne sürerek bu sonucu açıklıyor. Onların yavruları bazı Neandertal genleri taşıyordu ve modern insanlar Asya ve Avrupa'yı süpürürken bu genleri de beraberlerinde taşıdılar.
SİBİRYA'DA BULDUKLARI DNA YENİ BİR CANLIYA AİT ÇIKTI
Pääbo'nun Neandertal çalışması, çok büyük bir bilimsel başarıdır. Yine de genetikçi, 2010 yılında ekibinin Sibirya'daki Denisova mağarasında bulunan küçük bir parmak kemiği parçasından DNA dizilimi yaptıklarını ve bunun umdukları gibi Neandertallere değil, tamamen yeni bir canlıya ait olduğunu gösterdiklerini açıkladığında zirveye ulaşmayı başardı. insan türü, Denisovalılar. Pääbo, Neandertallerle modern insanlardan daha yakın akraba olan bu eski insan, "herhangi bir iskelet kalıntısının tamamen yokluğunda, yalnızca DNA dizi verilerinden tanımlanan soyu tükenmiş insanların ilk yeni formuydu" diyor.
Bu son nokta ilgi çekicidir. Pääbo sayesinde tam dizili bir Denisovan genomuna sahibiz, ancak bir Denisovan'ın neye benzediği hakkında hiçbir fikrimiz yok. (En iyi tahmini biraz Neandertalcedir.) Böylece Pääbo, antik DNA incelemesi olan beyin çocuğunu aldı ve ilk olarak, bunun insan kökenlerinin araştırılmasında yararlı bir yardımcı olduğunu gösterdi; ama şimdi ve daha da önemlisi, tekniklerini yeni insan türlerini keşfetmenin ve tanımlamanın başlıca araçları haline gelecek şekilde geliştirdi.
16,5 MİLYON LİRALIK ÖDÜL 10 ARALIK'TA TESLİM EDİLECEK
Tıp ödülü geçen yıl insan vücudunun sıcaklık ve dokunmayı nasıl algıladığına ilişkin keşifleri nedeniyle David Julius ve Ardem Patapoutian'a verilmişti. Tıp ödülü, Nobel Ödülleri'nin açıklanacağı haftanın başlangıcını oluşturuyor. Salı günü fizik ödülü, çarşamba günü kimya ve perşembe günü edebiyat ödülü ile devam edecek. 2022 Nobel Barış Ödülü cuma günü, ekonomi ödülü ise 10 Ekim'de açıklanacak. Ödüller 10 milyon İsveç kronu (yaklaşık 16,5 milyon lira) nakit para ödülü taşıyor ve 10 Aralık'ta dağıtılacak. Para, ödülün yaratıcısı olan ve 1895 yılında ölen İsveçli mucit Alfred Nobel'in bıraktığı vasiyetten geliyor.